OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XXXI 
the Grand Cajion of the Colorado, are now known to be the 
people, or part of them at least, who were driven from the 
pueblos. 
In addition to the ruins that have been made in historic 
times, others are found scattered throughout New Mexico, 
Arizona, Southern California, Utah, and Colorado. Whether 
the ancient inhabitants of these older ruins are represented by 
any of the tribes who now occupy the territory is not known. 
These pueblo people were not homogeneous. Among the 
pueblos now known at least five linguistic families are repre- 
sented, but in their study a somewhat homogeneous stage of 
culture is presented. 
In a general way the earlier or older ruins represent very 
rude structures, and the progress of development from the 
earlier to the later exhibits two classes of interesting facts. 
The structures gradually increase in size and improve in archi- 
tecture. As the sites for new villages were selected, more 
easily defensible positions were chosen. The cliff dwellings 
thus belong to the later stage. 
From the organization of the exploration of the Colorado 
River to the present time, the pueblos yet inhabited, as well 
as those in ruins, have been a constant subject of study, and 
on the organization of the Bureau much valuable matter had 
already been collected. Early in the fiscal year a party was 
organized to continue explorations in this field, and placed 
under the direction of Mr. James Stevenson. The party left 
Washington on the first of August last. 
Mr. Frank H. Cushing, of the Smithsonian Institution, and 
Mr. J. K. Hillers, photographer of the Bureau, with a number 
of general assistants, accompanied Mr. Stevenson. The party 
remained in the field until early winter, studying the ruins and 
making large and valuable collections of pottery, stone imple- 
ments, etc., and Mr. Hillers succeeded in making an excellent 
suite of photographs. 
When Mr. Stevenson returned with his party to Washington, 
Mr. Cushing remained at Zuni to study the language, my- 
thology, sociology, and art of that the most interesting pueblo. 
An illustrated catalogue of the collections made by Mr. Steven- 
