6 ON THE EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE. 
II1.—THE PROCESS BY INTONATION. 
In English, new words are not formed by this method, yet words are 
intoned for certain purposes, chiefly rhetorical. We use the rising in- 
tonation (or inflection, as it is usually called) to indicate that a question 
is asked, and various effects are given to speech by the various intona- 
tions of rhetoric. But this process is used in other languages to form 
new words with which to express new ideas. In Chinese eight distinet 
intonations are found, by the use of which one word may be made to 
express eight different ideas, or perhaps it is better to say that eight 
words may be made of one. 
IV.—THE PROCESS BY PLACEMENT. 
The place or position of a word may affect its significant use. Thus 
in English we say John struck James. By the position of those words 
to each other we know that John is the actor, and that James receives 
the action. 
By the grammatic processes language is organized. Organization 
postulates the differentiation of organs and their combination into in- 
tegers. The integers of language are sentences, and their organs are 
the parts of speech. Linguistic organization, then, consists in the dif- 
ferentiation of the parts of speech and the integration of the sentence. 
For example, let us take the words John, father, and love. John is the 
name of an individual; love is the name of a mental action, and father 
the name of a person. We put them together, John loves father, and 
they express a thought; John becomes a noun, and is the subject of the 
sentence ; love becomes a verb, and is the predicant ; father a noun, and 
is the object; and we now have an organized sentence. A sentence re- 
quires parts of speech, and parts of speech are such because they are 
used as the organic elements of a sentence. 
The criteria of rank in languages are, first, grade of organization, 7. eé., 
the degree to which the grammatic processes and methods are special- 
ized, and the parts of speech differentiated; second, sematologic con- 
tent, that is, the body of thought which the language is competent to 
convey. 
The grammatic processes may be used for three purposes: 
First, for derivation, where a new word to express a new idea is made 
by combining two or more old words, or by changing the vowel of one 
word, or by changing the intonation of one word. 
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