POWELL. } INTONATION—PLACEMENT. 7 
Second, for modification, a word may be qualified or defined by the 
processes of combination, vocalic mutation or intonation. 
It should here be noted that the plane between derivation and quali- 
fication is not absolute. 
Third, for relation. When words as signs of ideas are used together 
to express thought, the relation of the words must be expressed by some 
means. In English the relation of words is expressed both by place- 
ment and combination, i. ¢., inflection for agreement. 
It should here be noted that paradigmatic inflections are used for two 
distinct purposes, qualification and relation. A word is qualified by in- 
flection when the idea expressed by the inflection pertains to the idea 
expressed by the word inflected ; thus a noun is qualified by inflection 
when its number and gender are expressed. A word is related by in- 
flection when the office of the word in the sentence is pointed out 
thereby; thus, nouns are related by case inflections ; verbs are related 
by inflections for gender, number, and person. All inflection for agree- 
ment is inflection for relation. 
In English, three of the grammatic processes are highly specialized. 
Combination is used chiefly for derivation, but to some slight extent 
for qualification and relation in the paradigmatic categories. But its 
use in this manner as compared with many other languages has almost 
disappeared. 
Vocalic mutation isused to a very limited extent and only by accident, 
and can scarcely be said to belong to the English language. 
Intonation is used as a grammatie process only to a limited extent— 
simply to assist in forming the interrogative and imperative modes. Its 
use here is almost rhetorical; in all other cases it is purely rhetorical. 
Placement is largely used in the language, and is highly specialized, 
performing the office of exhibiting the relations of words to each other 
in the sentence; 7. é., it is used chiefly for syntactic relation. 
Thus one of the four processes does not belong to the English lan- 
guage; the others are highly specialized. 
The purposes for which the processes are used are derivation, modifi- 
cation, and syntactic relation. 
Derivation is accomplished by combination. 
Modification is accomplished by the differentiation of adjectives and 
adverbs, as words, phrases, and clauses. 
Syntactic relation is accomplished by placement. Syntactic relation 
must not be confounded with the relation expressed by prepositions. 
Syntactic relation is the relation of the parts of speech to each other as 
integral parts of a sentence. Prepositions express relations of thought 
of another order. They relate words to each other as words. 
Placement relates words to each other as parts of speech. 
In the Indian tongues combination is used for all three purposes, per- 
forming the three different functions of derivation, modification, and re- 
