8 ON THE EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE. 
lation. Placement, also, is used for relation, and for both kinds of rela- 
tion, syntactic and prepositional. 
With regard, then, to the processes and purposes for which they are 
used, we find in the Indian languages a low degree of specialization ; 
processes are used for diverse purposes, and purposes are accomplished 
by diverse processes. 
DIFFERENTIATION OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
It is next in order to consider to what degree the parts of speech are 
differentiated in Indian languages, as compared with English. ' 
Indian nouns are extremely connotive, that is, the name does more 
than simply denote the thing to which it belongs; in denoting the ob- 
ject it also assigns to it some quality or characteristic. Every object 
has many qualities and characteristics, and by describing but a part of 
these the true office of the noun is but imperfectly performed. A strictly 
denotive name expresses no one quality or character, but embraces all 
qualities and characters. 
In Ute the name for bear is he seizes, or the hugger. In this case the 
verb is used for the noun, and in so doing the Indian names the bear 
by predicating one of his characteristics. Thus noun and verb are un- 
differentiated. -in Seneca the north is the sun never goes there, and this 
sentence may be used as adjective or noun; in such cases noun, adject- 
ive, verb, and adverb are found as one vocable or word, and the four 
parts of speech are undifferentiated. In the Pavédnt language a school- 
house is called pé-kint-in-in-yi-kiin. The first part of the word, pé-kint, 
signifies sorcery is practiced, and is the name given by the Indians to 
any writing, from the fact that when they first learned of writing they 
supposed it to be a method of practicing sorcery; in-in-yi is the verb 
signifving to count, and the meaning of the word has been extended so 
as to signify to read; kin signifies wigwam, and is derived from the 
verb kédri, to stay. Thus the name of the school-house literally signifies 
a staying place where sorcery is counted, or where papers are read. The 
Pavint in naming a school-house describes the purpose for which it is 
used. These examples illustrate the general characteristics of Indian 
nouns; they are excessively connotive; a simply denotive name is rarely 
found. In general their name-words predicate some attribute of the ob- 
ject named, and thus noun, adjective, and predicant are undifferentiated. 
In many Indian languages there is no separate word for eye, hand, 
arm, or other parts and organs of the body, but the word is found with an 
incorporated or attached pronoun signifying my hand, myeye; your hand, 
your eye; his hand, his eye, ete., as the case may be. If the Indian, in 
naming these parts, refers to his own body, he says my; if he refers to 
