“110 ON THE EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE 
language. The extent to which these classifications enter into the arti- 
cle-pronouns is not well known. The subject requires more thorough 
study. These incorporated particles are here called article pronouns. 
In the conjugation of the verb they take an important part, and have 
by some writers been called transitions. Besides pointing out with par- 
ticularity the person, number, and gender or the subject and object, 
they perform the same offices that are usually performed by those in- 
flections of the verb that occur to make them agree in gender, number, 
and person with the subject. In those Indian languages where the arti- 
cle pronouns are not found, and the personal pronouns only are used, 
the verb is usually inflected to agree with the subject or object, or both, 
in the same particulars. 
The article pronouns as they point out person, number, gender, and 
case of the subject and object, are not simple particles, but are to a 
greater or lesser extent compound; their component elements may be 
broken apart and placed in different parts of the verb. Again, the arti- 
cle pronoun in some languages may have its elements combined into a 
distinct word in such a manner that it will not be incorporated in the 
verb, but will be placed immediately before it. For this reason the term 
article pronoun has been chosen rather than attached pronoun. The older 
term, transition, was given to them because of their analogy in function 
to verbal inflections. 
Thus the verb of an Indian language contains within itself incorpor- 
ated article pronouns which point out with great particularity the gen- 
der, number, and person of the subject and object. In this manner 
verb, pronoun, and adjective are combined, and to this extent these 
parts of speech are undifferentiated. 
In some languages the article pronoun constitutes a distinct word, but 
whether free or incorporated it is a complex tissue of adjectives. 
Again, nouns sometimes contain particles within themselves to predi- 
cate possession, and to this extent nouns and verbs are undifferentiated. 
The verb is relatively of much greater importance in an Indian tongue 
than in a civilized language. To a large extent the pronoun is incor- 
porated in the verb as explained above, and thus constitutes a part of 
its conjugation. 
Again, adjectives are used as intransitive verbs, as in most Indian 
languages there is no verb to be used as a predicant or copula. Where 
in English we would say the man is good the Indian would say that 
man good, using the adjective as an intransitive verb, @. €., as a predi- 
cant. If he desired to affirm it in the past tense, the intransitive verb 
good would be inflected, or otherwise modified, to indicate the tense; 
and so, in like manner, all adjectives when used to predicate can be modi- 
fied to indicate mode, tense, number, person, &c., as other intransitive 
verbs. 
Adverbs are used as intransitive verbs. In English we may say 
he is there; the Indian would say that person there usually preferring 
