POWELL. ] WORDS USED AS INSTRANSITIVE VERBS. i4l 
the demonstrative to the personal pronoun. The adverb there would, 
therefore, be used as a predicant or intransitive verb, and might be con- 
jugated to denote different modes, tenses, numbers, persons, ete. Verbs 
will often receive adverbial qualifications by the use of incorporated 
particles, and, still further, verbs may contain within themselves ad- 
verbial limitations without our being able to trace such meanings to any 
definite particles or parts of the verb. 
Prepositions are intransitive verbs. In English we may say the hat 
is on the table; the Indian would say that hat on table; or he might 
change the order, and say that hat table on; but the preposition on 
would be used as an intransitive verb to predicate, and may be conju- 
gated. Prepositions may often be found as particles incorporated in 
verbs, and, still further, verbs may contain within themselves preposi- 
tional meanings without our being able to trace such meanings to any 
definite particles within the verb. But the verb connotes such ideas 
that something is needed to complete its meaning, that something being 
a limiting or qualifying word, phrase, or clause. Prepositions may be 
prefixed, infixed, or suffixed to nouns, ¢. e., they may be particles incor- 
porated in nouns. 
Nouns may be used as intransitive verbs under the circumstances 
when in English we would use a noun as the complement of a sentence 
after the verb to be. 
The verb, therefore, often includes within itself subject, direct object, 
indirect object, qualifier, and relation-idea. Thus it is that the study 
of an Indian language is, to a large extent, the study of its verbs. 
Thus adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and nouns are used as in- 
transitive verbs; and, to such extent, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, 
nouns, and verbs are undifferentiated. 
From the remarks above, it will be seen that Indian verbs often in- 
clude within themselves meanings which in English are expressed by 
adverbs and adverbial phrases and clauses. Thus the verb may express 
within itself direction, manner, instrument, and purpose, one or all, as 
the verb to go may be represented by a word signifying go home; an- 
. other, go away from home; another, go to a place other than home; an- 
other, go from a place other than home; one, go from this place, with 
reference to home; one, to go up; another, to go down; one, go around ; 
and, perhaps, there will be a verb go up hill; another, go up a valley ; 
another, go up a river, ete. Then we may have to go on foot, to go on 
horseback, to go in @ canoe; still another, to go for water ; another for 
wood, ete. Distinct words may be used for all these, or a fewer number 
used, and these varied by incorporated particles. In like manner, the 
English verb to break may be represented by several words, each of which 
will indicate the manner of performing the act or the instrument with 
which it is done. Distinct words may be used, or a common word varied 
with incorporated particles. 
The verb to strike may be represented by several words, signifying 
