We ON THE EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE. 
severally to strike with the fist, to strike with a club, to strike with the open 
hand, to strike with a whip, to strike with a switch, to strike with a flat in- 
strument, etc. A common word may be used with incorporated parti- 
cles or entirely different words used. 
Mode in an Indian tongue is a rather difficult subject. Modes analo- 
gous to those of civilized tougues are found, and many conditions and 
qualifications appear in the verb which in English and other civilized 
languages appear as adverbs, and adverbial phrases and clauses. No 
plane of separation can be drawn between such adverbial qualifications 
and true modes. Thus there may be a form of the verb, which shows 
that the speaker makes a declaration as certain, 7. e., an indicative 
mode; another which shows that the speaker makes a declaration with 
doubt, 7. e., a dubitative mode; another that he makes a declaration on 
hearsay, 7. ¢., a quotative mode; another form will be used in making a 
command, giving an imperative mode; another in imploration, 7. ¢., an 
implorative mode; another form to denote permission, 7. ¢., a permissive 
mode; another in negation, 7. e., a negative mode; another form will be 
used to indicate that the action is simultaneous with some other action, 
i. €., a simulative mode; another to denote desire or wish that something 
be done, i. ¢., a desiderative mode; another that the action ought to be 
done, i. e., an obligative mode; another that action is repetitive from 
time to time, 7. e., a frequentative mode; another that action is caused, 
i. €., @ causative mode, ete. 
These forms of the verb, which we are compelled to call modes, are of 
great number. Usually with each of them a particular modal particle 
or incorporated adverb will be used; but the particular particle which 
gives the qualified meaning may not always be discovered; and in one 
language a different word will be introduced, wherein another the same 
word will be used with an incorporated particle. 
It is stated above that incorporated particles may be used to indicate 
direction, manner, instrument, and purpose; in fact, any adverbial quali- 
fication whatever may be made by an incorporated particle instead of 
an adverb as a distinct word. 
No line of demarkation can be drawn between these adverbial parti- 
cles and those mentioned above as modal particles. Indeed it seems 
best to treat all these forms of the verb arising from incorporated par- 
ticles as distinct modes. In this sense, then, an Indian language has a 
multiplicity of modes. It should be further remarked that in many 
cases these modal or adverbial particles are excessively worn, so that 
they may appear as additions or changes of simple vowel or consonant 
sounds. When incorporated particles are thus used, distinct adverbial 
words, phrases, or clauses may also be employed, and the idea expressed 
twice. 
In an Indian language itis usually found difficult to elaborate a system 
of tenses in paradigmatic form. Many tenses or time particles are found 
incorporated in verbs. Some of these time particles are excessively 
