POWELT.| HISTORY, CUSTOMS, ETC. CE 
and institutions must in a brief time be completely changed, and what 
we are yet to learn of these people must be learned now. 
But in pursuing these studies the greatest caution must be observed 
in discriminating what is primitive from what has been acquired from 
civilized man by the various processes of acculturation. 
ORIGIN OF MAN. 
Working naturalists postulateevolution. Zodlogical research is largely 
directed to the discovery of the genetic relations of animals. The evo- 
lution of the animal kingdom is along multifarious lines and by diverse 
specializations. The particular line which connects man with the lowest 
forms, through long successions of intermediate forms, is a problem of 
great interest. This special investigation has to deal chiefly with rela- 
tions of structure. From the many facts already recorded, it is proba- 
ble that many detached portions of this line can be drawn, and such a 
construction, though in fact it may not be correct in all its parts, yet 
serves a valuable purpose in organizing and directing research. 
The truth or error of such hypothetic genealogy in no way affects the 
validity of the doctrines of evolution in the minds of scientific men, but 
on the other hand the value of the tentative theory is brought to final 
judgment under the laws of evolution. 
It would be vain to claim that the course of zodlogic development is 
fully understood, or even that all of its most important factors are known. 
So the discovery of facts and relations guided by the doctrines of evolu- 
tion reacts upon these doctrines, verifying, modifying, and enlarging 
them. Thus it is that while the doctrines lead the way to new fields of 
discovery, the new discoveries lead again to new doctrines. Increased 
knowledge widens philosophy ; wider philosophy increases knowledge. 
It is the test of true philosophy that it leads to the discovery of facts, 
and facts themselves can only be known as such; that is, can ouly be 
properly discerned and discriminated by being relegated to their places 
in philosophy. The whole progress of science depends primarily upon 
this relation between knowledge and philosophy. 
In the earlier history of mankind philosophy was the product of sub- 
jective reasoning, giving mythologies and metaphysics. When it was 
discovered that the whole structure of philosophy was without founda- 
tion, a new order of procedure was recommended—the Baconian method. 
Perception inust precede reflection; observation must precede reason. 
This also was a failure. The earlier gave speculations; the later gives 
a mass of incoherent facts avd falsehoods. The error in the earlier 
philosophy was not in the order of procedure between perception and 
reflection, but in the method, it being subjective instead of objective. 
The method of reasoning in scientific philosophy is purely objective; the 
method of reasoning in mythology and metaphysics is subjective. 
