poweELt.] LANGUAGE. 79 
but to a large extent philology remains in the hands of the meta- 
physicians, and subjective methods of thought are used in the explana- 
tion of the phenomena observed. If philology is to be a science it 
must have an objective philosophy composed of a homologie classifica- 
tion and orderly arrangement of the phenomena of the languages of 
the globe. 
Philologic researck began with the definite purpose in view to dis- 
cover in the diversities of language among the peoples of the earth a 
common element from which they were all supposed to have been de- 
rived, an original speech, the parent of all languages. In this philolo- 
gists had great hopes of success at one time, encouraged by the discov- 
ery of the relation between the diverse branches of the Aryan stock, 
but in this very work methods of research were developed and doc- 
trines established by which unexpected results were reached. 
Instead of relegating the languages that had before been unclassified 
to the Aryan family, new families or stocks were discovered, and this 
process has been carried on from year to year until scores or even hun- 
dreds of families are recognized, and until we may reasonably conelude 
that there was no single primitive speech common to mankind, but that 
man had multiplied and spread throughout the habitable earth anterior 
to the development of organized languages; that is, languages have 
sprung from innumerable sources after the dispersion of mankind. 
The progress in language has not been by multiplication, which would 
be but a progress in degradation under the now well-recognized laws of 
evolution ; but it has been in integration from a vast multiplicity toward 
aunity. True, all evolution has not been in this direction. There has 
often been degradation as exhibited in the multiplicity of languages 
and dialects of the same stock, but evolution has in the aggregate been 
integration by progress towards unity of speech, and differentiation 
(which must always be distinguished from multiplication) by specializa- 
tion of the grammatic process and the development of the parts of 
speech. 
When a people once homogeneous are separated geographically in 
such a manner that thorough inter-communication is no longer preserved, 
all of the agencies by which languages change act separately in the dis- 
tinct communities and produce different changes therein, and dialects 
are established. If the separation continues, such dialects become dis- 
tinct languages in the sense that the people of one community are una- 
ble to understand the people of another. But such a development of 
languages is not differentiation in the sense in which this term is here 
used, and often used in biology, but is analogous to multiplication as 
understood in biology. The differentiation of an organ is its develop- 
ment for a special purpose, 7. e., the organic specialization is concomi- 
tant with functional specialization. When paws are differentiated into 
hands and feet, with the differentiation of the organs, there is a con. 
comitant differentiation in the functions. 
