256 CESSIONS OF LAND BY INDIAN TRIBES. 
13. Cession by the Winnebagoes September 15, 1832, which is mostly in 
the State of Wisconsin and which was also within the limits of the Sac 
and Fox cession of 1804. 
14. Pottawatomie cession of October 20, 1832, which overlaps the 
Kaskaskia and Peoria cession of August 13, 1803, as confirmed and en- 
larged September 25, 1818, and also the Kickapoo cession by treaties of 
July 30 and August 30, 1819. 
From this it will be seen that almost the entire country comprising 
the present State of Illinois was the subject of controversy in the matter 
of original ownership, and that the United States, in order fully to ex- 
tinguish the Indian claim thereto, actually bought it twice, and some 
portions of it three times. It is proper, however, to add in this connec- 
tion that where the government at the date of a purchase from one tribe 
was aware of an existing claim to the same region by another tribe, it 
had the effect of diminishing the price paid. 
ORIGINAL AND SECONDARY CESSIONS. 
Another difficulty that has arisen, and one which, in order to avoid 
confusion, will necessitate the duplication in the atlas of the maps of sev- 
eral States, is the attempt to show not only original, but also secondary 
cessions of land. The policy followed by the United States for many 
years in negotiating treaties with the tribes east of the Mississippi 
River included the purchase of their former possessions and their 
removal west of that river to reservations set apart for them within the 
limits of country purchased for that purpose from its original owners, 
and which were in turn retroceded to the United States by its 
secondary owners. This has been largely the case in Missouri, Arkan- 
sas, Kansas, Nebraska, and Indian Territory. The present State of 
Kansas, for instance, was for the most part the inheritance of the Kan- 
sas and Osage tribes. It was purchased from them by the provisions 
of the treaties of June 2, 1825, with the Osage, and June 3, 1825, with 
the Kansas tribe, they, however, reserving in each case a tract suffi- 
ciently large for their own use and occupancy. These and subsequent 
cessions of these two tribes must be shown upon a map of “ original 
cessions.” 
After securing these large concessions from the Kansas and Osages, 
the government, in pursuance of the policy above alluded to, sought to 
secure the removal of the remnant of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois tribes 
to this region by granting them, in part consideration for their eastern 
possessions, reservations therein of size and location suitable to their 
wishes and necessities. In this way homes were provided for the Wy- 
andots, Delawares, Shawnees, Pottawatomies, Sacs and Foxes of the 
Mississippi, Kickapoos, the Confederated Kaskaskias, Peorias, Pianke- 
