384 SIGN LANGUAGE AMONG NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 
by Mr. J. K. Hillers, photographer of the United States Geological Sur- 
vey, as observed by him in Canon De Chelly, New Mexico, in 1880. 
SIGNS CONNECTED WITH ETHNOLOGIC FACTS. 
The present limits permit only a few examples of the manner in 
which the signs of Indians refer to sociologic, religious, historic, and 
other ethnologic facts. They may incite research to elicit further in- 
formation of the same character. 
The Prince of Wied gives in his list of signs. the heading Partisan, a 
term of the Canadian voyageurs, signifying a leader of an occasional 
or volunteer war party, the sign being re- 
ported as follows: Make first the sign of 
the pipe, afterwards open the thumb and 
index-finger of the right hand, back of the 
hand outward, and moyeit forward and up- 
yard in a curve. This is explained by 
the author’s account in a different connec- 
tion, that to become recognized as a leader 
of such a war party as above mentioned, 
the first act among the tribes 
using the sign was the conse- 
cration, by fasting succeeded 
by feasting, of a medicine pipe 
without ornament, which the 
leader of the expedition after- 
ward bore before him as his Fic. 227. 
badge of authority, and it therefore naturally became an emblematic 
sign. This sign with its interpretation supplies a meaning to Fig. 226 
from the Dakota Calendar showing ‘One Feather,” a Sioux chief who 
raised in that year a large war party against the Crows, which fact is 
simply denoted by his holding out demonstratively an unornamented 
pipe. In connection with this subject, Fig. 227, drawn and explained 
by Two Strike, an Ogalala Dakota, relating to his own achievements, 
displays four plain pipes to exhibit the fact that he had led four war 
parties. 
The sign of the pipe or of smoking is made in a different manner, when 
used to mean friend, as follows: (1) Tips of the two first fingers of the 
right hand placed against or at right angles to the mouth; (2) suddenly 
elevated upward and outward to imitate smoke expelled. 
(Cheyenne II). ‘* We two smoke together.” This is illustrated 
in the Ojibwa pictograph, Fig. 228, taken 
from Schooleraft I, pl. 59. 
Keb eB A ceremonial sign for peace, friendship, FIG. 229, 
is the extended fingers, separated (R), interlocked in front of the breast, 
hands horizontal, backs outward. (Dakotal.) Fig. 229 from the Dakota 
Celendar exhibits the beginning of this gesture. When the idea conveyed 
Fig. 226. 
