MALLERY.] EARLIEST AUTHORITIES. 401 
LIST OF AUTHORITIES AND COLLABORATORS. 
1. A list prepared by WILLIAM DUNBAR, dated Natchez, June 30, 
1800, collected from tribes then ‘west of the Mississippi,” but probably 
not from those very far west of that river, published in the Transactions 
of the American Philosophical Society, vol. vi, pp. 1-8, as read January 
16, 1801, and communicated by Thomas Jefferson, president of the 
society. 
2. The one published in An Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh 
to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819-1820, Philadelphia, 
1823, vol. i, pp. 378-394. This expedition was made by order of the 
Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Maj. S. 
H. Lone, of the United States Topographical Engineers, and is com- 
monly called James’ Long’s Expedition. This list appears to have been 
collected chiefly by Mr. T. Say, from the Pani, and the Kansas, Otos, 
Missouris, Iowas, Omahas, and other southern branches of the great 
Dakota family. 
3. The one collected by Prince MAXIMILIAN von WIED-NEUWIED in 
Reise in das Innere Nord-America in den Jahren 1832 bis 1854. Coblenz, 
1839 [— 1841], vol. ii, pp. 645-653. His statement is, ‘the Arikaras, 
Mandans, Minnitarris [Hidatsa], Crows [Absaroka], Cheyennes, Snakes 
[Shoshoni], and Blackfeet [Satsika] all understand certain signs, which, 
on the contrary, as we are told, are unintelligible to the Dakotas, Assini- 
boins, Ojibwas, Krihs [Crees], and other nations. The list gives ex- 
amples of the sign language of the former.” From the much greater pro- 
portion of time spent and information obtained by theauthor among the 
Mandans and Hidatsa then and now dwelling near Fort Berthold, on the 
Upper Missouri, it might be safe to consider that all the signs in his list 
were in fact procured from those tribes. Butas the author does not say 
so, he is not made to say so inthis work. If it shall prove that the signs 
now used by the Mandans and Hidatsa more closely resemble those on his 
list than do those of other tribes, the internal evidence will be verified. 
This list is not published in the English edition, London, 1843, but ap- 
pears in the German, above cited, and in the French, Paris, 1840. Biblio- 
graphic reference is often made to this distinguished explorer as “‘ Prince 
Maximilian,” as if there were but one possessor of that Christian name 
among princely families. Jor brevity the reference in this paper will be 
Wied. 
No translation of this list into English appears to have been printed 
in any shape before that recently published by the present writer in the 
American Antiquarian, vol. ii, No. 3, while the German and French edi- 
tions are costly and difficult of access, so the collection cannot readily 
be compared by readers with the signs now made by the same tribes. 
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