538 SIGN LANGUAGE AMONG NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 
‘While we were speaking, a smoke rose suddenly from the cotton- 
wood grove below, which plainly told us what had befallen him [Tabeau] ; 
it was raised to inform the surrounding Indians that a blow had been 
struck, and to tell them to be on their guard,” p. 268, 269. This was on 
May 5, 1844, near the Rio Virgen, Utah, and was narrated of ‘“ Diggers,” 
probably Chemehuevas. 
ARRIVAL OF A PARTY AT AN APPOINTED PLACE, WHEN ALL IS SAFE. 
This is made by sending upward one column of smoke from a fire 
partially smothered by green grass. This is only used by previous 
agreement, and if seen by friends of the party, the signal is answered 
in the same manner. But should either party discover the presence of 
enemies, no signal would be made, but the fact would be communicated 
by arunner. (Dakota I.) 
SUCCESS OF A WAR PARTY. 
Whenever a war party, consisting of either Pima, Papago, or Mari- 
copa Indians, returned from an expedition into the Apache country, 
their success was announced from the first and most distant elevation 
visible from their settlements. The number of scalps secured was shown 
by a corresponding number of columns of smoke, arranged in a hori- 
zontal line, side by side, so as to be distinguishable by the observers. 
When the returning party was unsuccessful, no such signals were made. 
(Pima and Papago I.) Fig. 339. A similar custom appears to have ex- 
isted among the Ponkas, although the custom has apparently been dis- 
continued by them, as shown in the following proper name: Cu-de ga-xe, 
Smoke maker; He who made a smoke by burning grass returning from 
war. 
SMOKE SIGNALS OF THE APACHES. 
The following information was obtained by Dr. W. J. Horrman, 
from the Apache chiefs named on page 407, under the title of TINNEAN, 
(Apache I): 
The materials used in making smoke of sufficient density and color 
consist of pine or cedar boughs, leaves and grass, which can nearly 
always be obtained in the regions occupied by the Apaches of Northern 
New Mexico. These Indians state that they employ but three kinds of 
signals, each of which consists of columns of smoke, numbering from one 
to three or more. 
ALARM. 
This signal is made by causing three or more columns of smoke to 
ascend, and signifies danger or the approach of an enemy, and also 
requires the concentration of those who see them. These signals are 
communicated from one camp to another, and the most distant bands 
are guided by their location. The greater the haste desired the greater 
