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mon heritage of mankind so that all peoples of the world, no matter 

 what their stage of development, may feel they are able to participate 

 in some way. 



Third, those who have the capacity to develop and explore must be 

 assured of their rights, the recognition of their courage and the protec- 

 tion of their interests. 



Fourth, the development of the sea must be for peaceful purposes 



And fifth, similar to the provisions of the Outer Space Treaty, the 

 signature of which you are witnessing this morning, the sea must be 

 opened for scientific exploration and investigation on equal terms 

 to all. And, of course, the rational order of the sea must x^rotect the 

 self-interests of the United States. 



Let us look at these requirements. 



First, the great danger of a power struggle. Unless some rational 

 order for the sea is produced, the maritime powers will be tempted to 

 extend their frontiers and their claims as far as they can. Small states 

 that have not capacity to develop the sea as yet may find it necessary 

 to extend their claims to protect themselves. Courageous entrepreneurs 

 not being sure of protection when they stake their claims in the sea 

 will want their national flag to follow them. This great area could 

 be the scene of a colonial race and a power struggle comparable to 

 the struggle to seize parts of Africa and Asia in the 18th and 19th 

 centuries. 



As far as my second and third requirements, they need to be dis- 

 cussed together. 



Obviously the world will need the resources of the sea and if men 

 are going to invest their courage, energy, and money to exploit them, 

 their initiative must be respected. 



However, to develop a claim at the bottom of the sea is very different 

 from staking out a homestead in the western part of this country. In 

 the old days, a man could stake out a homestead in the West equipped 

 with a burro, a pickax, and some food. That would be about all. But 

 to stake out a claim in the sea would cost millions of dollars and 

 the energy of a great number of men. It would be a very different 

 proposition. 



Hand in hand with the need of protecting those who can develop 

 the sea is the problem of many underprivileged countries who will 

 not likely stand by to see this last unclaimed area of the world with 

 fabulous resources staked off by a few maritime powers. 



It is my privilege to listen to many of the debates at the U.N. 

 General Assembly. "\¥lien your colleague, Mrs. Bolton, was a delegate, 

 she was deeply concerned with the problems of the underdeveloped 

 countries and spent much time talking to their delegates. 



In the debates at the United Nations, the delegates of these people, 

 day after day, are calling attention to the fact that in the great eco- 

 nomic race they are falling behind because the technically equipped 

 powers outstrip them. The U.N. divides its membership, I think, into 

 about 80 so-called underdeveloped countries and about 20 or 30 devel- 

 oped countries. Time after time you hear the representatives of many 

 of these 80 call attention to their economic inequality. 



Now, it seems to me that if we are to develop the sea and develop 



