129 



Mr. Gross. Where is the principal source of supply for manganese 

 as of today and past years ? 



Dr. James. I am not sure I can answer the question properly. 



Mr. Fascell. Why don't we get that for the record, Dr. James? 

 Would you find out ? 



Dr. James. I would be happy to. 



(The information was subsequently provided as follows:) 



Manganese Imports, 1955 and 1965 



In 1965, the United States consumed 2,866,079 tons' of manganese ore and 

 domestic production was 29,258 tons. Ten years previously, in 1055, consumption 

 was 2,109,623 tons ' and domestic production 287,255 tons. 



Tlie principal sources of imported ore, in tons, are as follows: 



1955 1965 



Cuba 271,733 



British Guiana -- 129,580 



Brazil 164,049 553,028 



Europe . 17,791 10,995 



India . 699,645 255,995 



Congo" - 164,355 245.582 



Angola ' _ 62,621 40,206 



Gold Coast.. 232,488 



Gabon and Ghana 



Union of South Africa _._ 252,092 



Western Africa _ - 



Other2 - -. 223,653 



Total 2,088,427 2,575,229 



1 Consumption and production totals differ appreciably because of witlidrawals from 

 and additions to stockpiles. 



2 Cliiefly Mexico and African countries other than those listed. 



Mr. Gross. I have read in the past of the Russians being a principal 

 supplier of manganese used in this country. 



Mr. Bascom, you are interested in ithe future control of the deep 

 sea and that is what the committee is presently dealing with. 



Briefly could you connnent on this this? The chainiian in the open- 

 ing of this hearing said you were not here for that purpose, Dr. James. 



Mr. Bascom. I am not unhappy with !the long-standing concept of 

 the freedom of the seas. I am disappointed that so many people vrho 

 are eager to testifv on this subiect appear not to have given it a great 

 deal of thought. 



I haven't given it enough thought for the long run, so I would not 

 want to give you my advice, whether we should respond in some way 

 to this Malta resolution. 



I donU see anv real need to control the seas, franklv, right now. I 

 >am not concerned with the value of mineral deposits there. Once you 

 really get inlto the market, and somebody decides they will mine 

 manganese froiin the sea 'bottcwu, in the end it jus't reduces itself to 

 dollars — ^to manganese delivered to somebody's factory somewViere. 

 That establishes a price. 



The only question is how does that price compete with ot'her manga- 

 nese deposits in the world. I am sure it will turn out that if you try to 

 go bv this route to mine manganese from the ocean floor it would be 

 a higher ]:)rice than the presen't one, and all this would do would bring 

 the marginal depo.sits into production. 



Wlien you speak in terms of a national emergency, I presume mean- 

 ing a fighting war — that is about the only circumstance I can think of 



