261 



ones, at a total cost of about $90 million. This is admittedly an optimal estimate, 

 but our survey indicates that immediate requirements, without allowing for 

 any extension of existing programs, call for at least 8 replacements and new 

 vesselg. 



13. Shore Facilities 



As in other problems there exists a considerable diversity among the insti- 

 tutes as to the adequacy of shore laboratory facilities. It can be generally stated, 

 however, that these facilities are minimal for present needs and that some of 

 the institutions are essentially in a state of emergency. In one institute, for in- 

 stance, a group of 135 scientists and assistants is occupying useful space equiv- 

 alent to about 100 square feet per person (exclusive of passageways, etc.). This 

 is less than half of the minimum requirement for efficient operation. 



In most cases there is an especially difficult situation due to the increase in 

 number of graduate students over the past few years. In all cases it appears that 

 the student capacity is now limited primarily by lack of space. 



One of the causes of failure to keep pace with staff and student requirements 

 may be the competition for funds with newer institutions. It is desirable that 

 existing inadequacies in the older institutions be corrected before funds are 

 committed to establish new organizations. Correction of these deficiencies will 

 not provide for an expanded research program nor will it make it possible to 

 increase greatly the number of students enrolled. Above and beyond present 

 needs, provision should be made for development at a minimum rate of perhaps 

 5 percent per annum. 



In order that the funding agencies may plan ahead and in order that the in- 

 stitutions may correct these deficiencies by orderly progres.sion, COLD has drawn 

 up a preliminary list of shore facilities that may reasonably be needed during 

 the next five years. This indicates that in order to make shore facilities ade- 

 quate for the existing staff and programs, it would be necessary to seek $16.0 

 million from federal agencies during 1968 and 1969. Over a 5-year period, with 

 a modest rate of expansion, the total sum sought would be $45 million. 



IJ/. OceanograpJiic Manpower and Training {Sec Appendix II) 



Pending the completion of the NSF Oeeanographic Manpower Survey, adequate 

 figures are not available for the growth in numbers of trained marine scientists 

 and engineers. 



It is probable that the universities are now training a nearly sufficient number 

 of graduates in hasic oeeanographic science to meet present demands at the lower 

 levels of experience. There is still, however, a serious shortage of more mature 

 •scientists capable of exercising leader.ship and there are clearly not enough of 

 these people to fill the top ranks in any new institutions. For this reason the bur- 

 den of training must still fall upon the existing institutions. These are unfor- 

 tunately handicapped by overcrowded student facilities and have in almost all 

 eases reached a point of student oversaturation. This shortage of older and ex- 

 perienced men may become less acute as the present corp of graduates acquire 

 experience. 



It is unlikely that the present rate of training, with 800 graduate students 

 (including engineers) in residence at COLD institutions and a potential annual 

 output of somewhat over 100, will be sufficient to take care of possibly expanded 

 requirements in 5 years time. However, with no certainty about future funding, 

 and therefore of the degree to which oceanography will grow, it is impossible to 

 .set a figure to the desirable increase in enrollment. It can be stated with cer- 

 tainty, however, that any increase will be impossible, unless the present facilities 

 are brought up to an adequate level. 



As pointed out in Section 6, there is a shortage of scientists trained to cope 

 with the objectives of mission-oriented agencies. This has resulted in many stu- 

 dents leaving school before completing graduate work in order to secure weli paid 

 positions in the government agencies. There is a very evident need to encourage 

 the training of more students in such fields as fisheries and the environmental 

 applied sciences. 



Perhaps the most obvious shortage of training is in ocean engineering. Most 

 engineering industries are attempting to ocean-orient the engineers in their 

 employ on an in-house basis. All of the graduates of the few ocean engineering 

 schools are being absorbed and there are not only vacant po.sitions in industry, 

 but many other positions are filled by competent engineers without ocean 

 engineering experience. 



