Nevertheless, the problems of storage and transportation, rapid 
spoilage, costs of processing small fish, and the cultural habits of many 
people, make it apparent that only a small fraction can be utilized 
directly as food by man. The major portion of the catch, such as the 
small sized fish which abound in the Humboldt Current or off the Cali- 
fornia coast, must be processed into a form which is readily stored and 
transported and acceptable as food by peoples of many cultures. The 
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has developed a solvent extraction 
process for preparation of a marine protein concentrate from various 
species of hake. The resultant product, which is 85 percent protein, 
is highly nutritious and almost tasteless and odorless. It is estimated 
that this material can be produced commercially for about 25 cents 
per pound. A ton of hake when processed yields 320 pounds of con- 
centrate containing about 250 pounds of protein—an animal protein 
supplement of 10 grams per day for 30 people at a cost of $2 per person 
annually. 
It is unclear how many other species of animals in the oceans might 
be utilized similarly. Intensive exploration and research on artificial 
cultivation of marine organisms might well lead to new sources of 
such protein concentrates. 
There remains, however, the very serious problem of getting the peo- 
ple in some underdeveloped nations to accept marine protein concen- 
trates. The few attempts which are known to the Panel have not been 
successful. Since the problem of protein malnutrition is most acute 
in young children, it would appear that a great and important oppor- 
tunity of using marine protein concentrate is being overlooked. Fortifi- 
cation of processed foods for children of the “breakfast cereal” type, 
with marine protein concentrate, should be acceptable to young chil- 
dren and also invaluable in protecting their health. 
2.9. AQUICULTURE 
Although the opportunities to enrich and amplify man’s food sup- 
ply by fishing in the open sea are highly significant, they are, never- 
theless, limited. An entirely different set of opportunities is offered, 
however, by the potential crop that might be obtained by systematic 
and scientific farming of restricted areas of the sea—“aquiculture.” 
As noted above, the yield of fish in some areas of the sea depends 
largely on the nutrients supplied by upwelling. Attempts can now 
be undertaken, at least on a pilot scale, to utilize natural hydrodynamic 
or atmospheric energy sources to bring to the surface nutrient-rich 
deep water to fertilize selected marine habitats such as bays or coral la- 
goons. The problems involved are technological as well as biological 
and their solution requires a marriage of engineering and marine 
biology on a scale not attempted previously. In a general way, two 
large problems must be solved: (a@) means of using hydrodynamic or 
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