water photography, bottom profiling by precision depth-sounders and 
discovery of deep-scattering layers. Variable-depth sonar and short- 
pulse target identification were byproducts of oceanographic research. 
Moreover, oceanographers are highly responsive to Navy problems 
having little connection with research. Many instances can be cited 
of the Navy and the scientific community working hand in hand. 
Most recent of these is, of course, the concerted, successful effort to 
locate and recover the unarmed nuclear weapon off the Spanish coast. 
Response of the oceanographic community was instantaneous, and this 
group played a leading role in the weapon’s recovery. In this instance, 
as in the tragic loss of Thresher, oceanographic institutions and civilian 
scientists put aside personal plans and volunteered to assist the Navy 
in its recovery mission. This civilian-Navy teamwork has proved 
highly successful and harmonious. Conversely, Navy personnel by 
virtue of their support of oceanographic laboratories are sufficiently 
aware of laboratory capabilities to facilitate immediate, effective action 
when an emergency arises. 
Navy support of marine geophysical work in this country during the 
past decade has led to development of techniques for obtaining long- 
range sound transmission in oceans and acquisition of knowledge re- 
garding parameters that affect it. When the Navy encounters diffi- 
culties with its sonar operations, competent people are available to 
rectify them. Similar instances in other fields of oceangraphy illus- 
trate the interaction between civilian scientists and the Navy. Fur- 
ther, as the Navy’s detection and weapon systems become more so- 
phisticated this interaction can be expected to increase. 
Finally, and vitally important, the Navy has been a major consumer 
of the output of academic oceanography in both manpower and science. 
Without increased numbers of scientists and engineers knowledgeable 
about oceans the Navy cannot carry out many of the programs re- 
viewed above. Likewise, without the generalizations produced by aca- 
demic research the Navy cannot efficiently utilize information collected 
to support these programs. 
For these reasons the Panel strongly recommends that the Navy 
continue its support of academic research and education related to 
oceans. As was pointed out previously, the Navy’s budget for ocean- 
ography has almost doubled in the fiscal years 1965-67 period. The 
Navy’s contribution to academic oceanography in the area of basic 
research during the period has remained constant. Under these cir- 
cumstances the Navy may not be able to effectively utilize ocean- 
ography in the future. It is important that the Navy maintain a 
proportionality between its support of academic research and educa- 
tion and its total oceanographic program. This would imply a marked 
increase in support of academic oceanography if the proportionality 
prior to 1965 is to be maintained as the whole Navy program expands. 
38 
