serves special consideration because it is central to the national effort 
(see sec. 10 for a detailed discussion of the Federal organization). 
The Federal Council for Science and Technology, with membership 
comprised of a high scientific or professional official of each major 
operating agency and chaired by the President’s Special Assistant 
for Science and Technology, is responsible for coordinating the agen- 
cies’ activities in oceanography. The Council created an Interagency 
Committee on Oceanography, which has members representing more 
than 20 agencies with missions involving marine science and technol- 
ogy. The committee records and if possible coordinates the often 
overlapping programs of the agencies. The Interagency Committee 
since 1961 has prepared an annual report, the Vational Oceanographic 
Program, summarizing budgets, goals, problems, and achievements. 
The Interagency Committee has subpanels which make detailed 
studies on such subjects as “manpower” or “research ships.” 2? With 
the aid of a small permanent staff the committee issues special reports 
in response to the many public inquiries about oceans. Through its 
many activities and those of its individual members, this committee 
provides the focus for national as well as Federal activities in marine 
science and technology. 
International activities are also coordinated through a complex or- 
ganizational structure. Coordination is accomplished through groups 
representing governments, such as the Intergovernmental Oceano- 
graphic Commission in UNESCO, and other groups which represent 
scientific societies within the International Council of Scientific 
Unions. The impact of these groups is manifest in such large proj- 
ects as the International Geophysical Year and the International 
Indian Ocean Expedition. 
8.2. SUPPORT 
Federal support of oceanography has grown rapidly over the past 
10 years. We have selected various measures to indicate this growth, 
ranging from the support of two older oceanographic laboratories 
(Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Woods Hole Oceano- 
graphic Institution) to the Federal budget for oceanography (fig. 
SEL ye 
The most commonly used measure is the budget of the National 
Oceanographic Program, prepared annually by the Interagency 
Committee on Oceanography. It has grown from about $8 million 
in fiscal year 1953 to $220 million in fiscal year 1967. The pattern 
of growth appears to follow a logistic curve, with an exponential 
growth of 44 percent per year from some time before 1958 to 1963. 
° “Scientific and Technical Personnel in Oceanography,’ ICO Pamphlet 21, No- 
vember 1965. 
“Undersea Vehicles for Oceanography,’ ICO Pamphlet 18, 1965. 
67 
