9.0 Education and Manpower 
9.1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS IN OCEANOGRAPHIC MAN- 
POWER 
It is very difficult to anticipate absolute future needs for ocean- 
ographic manpower. In the future oceanographers may be employed 
by liberal arts colleges and universities, oceanographic departments 
and institutions, Gvernment agencies and industry. They may serve 
on foreign assignment as experts or may train administrative sup- 
port personnel including those for ships. Numbers that will be needed 
are most uncertain. For example we do not know whether or not 
liberal arts colleges and universities will be giving courses in ocean- 
ography in the next 20 years. The Panel believes, however, that 
projected figures for manpower discussed in section 8.3 are sufficient 
to meet foreseeable needs. Of greatest concern to the Panel is not 
the number being trained, but the quality of their education. 
9.2. EDUCATION FOR RESEARCH WORKERS 
As noted before it is possible to begin work related to oceans at any 
level of academic training or even after formal training has ceased. 
At the time an individual receives a Ph. D., he is qualified to do re- 
search (and teaching) in at least a limited field. This limited field 
may be exhausted rapidly, however, or may expand in unexpected 
directions. If the scientist is narrowly trained and unable te start 
over again, his career as a researcher may be concluded a few years 
after it begins. In contrast if his training is broad, he has little 
difficulty in following wherever his work leads or in transferring his 
interest to some new and exciting sector of research. Although the 
number of Ph. D.’s in oceanography is increasing very rapidly, the 
proportion that are adequately trained in basic physics, mathematics, 
chemistry or biology issmall. Thus, the large number should not give 
us comfort, because only a much smaller group is equipped to be 
effective in applying new techniques from contemporary science to 
problems in the ocean. Some individuals with oceanographic training 
have made contributions to a wide range of scientific fields, but these 
are exceptions. 
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