student theses even though some portion of the work will be taken 
at a special facility which has limited, if any, relationship with the 
university. 
Some system is needed to attract scientists whose interest in the 
oceans is aroused only after they have received Ph. D.’s. It seems cer- 
tain that the most effective but difficult way to recruit oceanographers 
would be to effect a postdoctoral transistion ; for example, from a Ph. D. 
physics education to research in oceanography. <A favorable environ- 
ment for such transition would exist if university and oceanographic 
laboratory associations which we have suggested are formed. If facul- 
ty members in university departments of basic sciences do research on 
marine aspects of their disciplines, students may be expected to con- 
sider similar research careers. It should be emphasized that these re- 
marks apply to research and teaching in engineering as well as science. 
In fact the recent history of engineering education may be cited as 
a precedent for the whole discussion. Engineering students take in- 
creasing amounts of mathematics and basic science, and training for 
various specialities is almost indistinguishable. Oceanographic en- 
gineering research thus generally will be performed by very broadly 
trained engineers. 
In the future many university departments may include faculty 
members whose research is ocean-oriented, provided that the research 
standards in the field compare favorably with those in other areas. 
Spreading oceanography into more universities is thus critically de- 
pendent on raising research standards related to the oceans to the 
quality maintained in other sciences. 
9.3. EDUCATION FOR TECHNOLOGY AND COMMERCE 
Some areas of the industrial community have suggested that aero- 
space engineers should do oceanographic engineering if defense or 
space requirements should slacken. This substantiates the point that 
a career in marine technology or commerce may be based on education 
which is not marine-oriented. On the other hand, the oceanographic 
environment is complex and little known, and it would be surprising 
if oceanographers now being trained at oceanographic laboratories 
did not remain in demand for marine technology and commerce. Ma- 
rine mining, aquiculture, geophysical survey, pollution control, and the 
like will require individals with broad understanding of the complete 
marine environment. 
9.4. IMPLICATIONS OF MANPOWER CHANGE 
The rapid increase in students and degrees which we have identified 
(see sec. 8) has had a marked effect on Federal support for oceano- 
graphic education. The total number of NSF and ONR contracts and 
grants to oceanography gives a measure of Federal support. By this 
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