measure the support granted for Ph. D.’s has declined by 67 per cent 
during the past 2 years. If both support and degree output grow at 
expected rates, present support per individual will decrease nearly 90 
per cent by 1970. This does not mean that it will be small compared 
to other sciences. At present, Federal support is $170,000 per year per 
Ph. D. granted, a figure which is substantially higher than Federal 
support of about $39,000 per Ph. D. in chemistry but of the same order 
of magnitude as that for high energy physics. If all qualified students 
who wish graduate education in oceanography are to receive training 
in the present style, support will be grossly inadequate by 1970. How- 
ever, an unrestricted expansion of the present style of education 1s not 
a desirable goal. The alternative of education through associations 
between universities and oceanographic laboratories should be less 
expensive as well as more fruitful than expansion of laboratories alone. 
On the other hand, it is evident that some expansion of laboratories, 
especially student facilities (including housing), will be essential re- 
gardless of the mode of oceanographic education. 
9.5. MARINE STUDY CENTERS 
In a few universities graduate departments other than environ- 
mental sciences have become increasingly involved in ocean-oriented 
research and education. Adoption of the recommendations of this 
report would accelerate this trend by calling attention to the highly 
interdisciplinary nature of many of the most important and interest- 
ing problems involved in ocean science and technology. The report 
naturally emphasizes scientific and technological challenges. How- 
ever, we are critically aware of numerous legal, social, and economic 
problems posed by the proposed redirection and expansion of our 
efforts in the ocean. 
Work in interdisciplinary areas would be facilitated by the estab- 
lishment of Marine Study Centers, whose role would be not only to 
foster studies on applications of science and technology to the sea, but 
also to relate them to underlying natural sciences and to social sci- 
ences—economics, sociology, psychology, politics, and law—as they 
are affected by and in turn affect occupation and exploitation of the 
sea. 
We visualize Marine Study Centers as centers of advanced study, 
not as degree-granting departments. We recommend a Federal grant 
program for developing this capability in institutions already deeply 
involved in marine-science study. 
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