oratories, and the National Oceanographic Data Center, the Federal 
Government has done little to provide technical services and facilities. 
We see an increased need for such facilities, and we expect the Navy 
to play a much more important role in the future than it has in the 
past. 
Some progress in describing the environment has been made, but 
our abilities to predict are still minimal (see sec. 6). Responsibilities 
for description and prediction are scattered throughout the agencies. 
The Navy supports a large survey program, as does ESSA, while 
smaller survey programs are found within Bureau of Commercial 
Fisheries, Geological Survey, and Coast Guard. The Navy, Coast 
Guard, and ESSA are all involved in the prediction problem, but 
the techniques remain primitive and do not reflect substantial advances 
in theoretical oceanography. 
Fostering development of biological resources of the ocean is the 
responsibility of BCF, while the Bureau of Mines, and Geological 
Survey have statutory responsibilities regarding mineral resources. 
No single agency has prime responsibility for developing and advo- 
cating national policy, although each agency on occasion develops pro- 
grams of oceanography which further the particular agency’s mission. 
We could recommend continuation of the present organizational 
framework with words of caution regarding the importance of coordi- 
nated efforts. We do not believe this to be the wise course. For 
example one of our major recommendations is to develop the tech- 
nology for improved use of marine food resources. Such activity 
naturally falls into the domain of BCF. A cursory examination of 
the required program, however, reveals that it would depend very 
heavily on physical oceanography. For example, thorough studies 
of upwelling and turbulent fluxes are required for proper implementa- 
tion of certain phases of the program. Prediction of the environment 
is important. Would this mean that BCF should develop its own 
capabilities in physical oceanography, turn to ESSA or engage the 
Navy? 
ESSA is primarily charged with development of prediction tech- 
niques for furtherance of commerce. Its rightful emphasis is on pre- 
diction of storms and research undertaken within the agency has 
little to do with problems of improving marine food technology. 
BCF could seek help from universities or industrial concerns, but 
again this would duplicate efforts of other environmental agencies. 
This brief example illustrates some of the problems the Panel foresees 
in implementation of its major recommendations within the present 
administrative structure. 
The Panel recommends a major reorganization of non-Navy govern- 
mental activities in oceanography. The recommended reorganization 
would place in a single agency all those Federal activities related to 
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