most studies if careful choices of working areas are made. Calm 
surface conditions over most of the year are present over deep 
waters close to shore on the lee sides of many oceanic islands (the 
Channel Islands off southern California, Hawaiian Island, Tongue 
of the Ocean in the Bahamas, Galapagos). Sizeable populations 
of deep sea organisms occur in these waters. 
2. Several undersea vehicles of varying depth and range cap- 
abilities, suitably equiped for the observation, capture, transport 
and experimental treatment of deep sea organisms. 
3. One major shore facility for maintenance, observation and 
experimental study of deep sea organisms. This facility should 
be located as convenient to deep water as possible. It might 
serve as a base of operations for a ship of the type listed above. 
Equipment in this facility should be compatible with that used 
on shipboard, to allow transfer of organisms without temperature, 
pressure, or light shocks. Shore equipment should include 
aquaria instrumented to produce controlled temperatures, pres- 
sures, and light intensities. 
4. One major shore facility fully equipped for the range of 
basic studies required by Man in the Sea (see sec. 4.11). This 
facility should be associated with a university medical research 
center. 
5. Several fully instrumented, movable submersible laboratories 
for basic studies of man living beneath the sea surface for ex- 
tended periods of time. Full logistic and manpower support for 
these laboratories should be provided. The Navy’s program in 
this direction should continue to be encouraged, with adequate 
opportunities for nonmilitary, basic studies carried out by other 
organizations. 
In marine biology as in physical oceanography, the Panel does not 
foresee the need for any additional large, multiocean survey vessels. 
This view reflects the belief, documented throughout this report, that 
oceanographic research is progressing into a new era in which em- 
phasis should shift from broad surveys to oriented efforts. 
Development of biological resources of the sea requires study of the 
Arctic, Antarctic, tropical, and temperate waters. Each of these envi- 
ronments supports characteristic biological communities and organ- 
isms living under special conditions. In order to study these commu- 
nities and their component organisms experimentally and to learn 
their potential usefulness, special laboratories are required to serve 
as centers for their subject regions and to permit simulation of certain 
major, environmental conditions of these regions. The United States 
presently has no suitably equipped laboratories of these types. Seri- 
ous attention should be given to the establishment of the following 
laboratories. 
99 
