d. Negligible income is derived from known deposits of phosphorite, 
manganese nodules, gold, tin deposits, magnetite, chromite and tita- 
nium sands, calcium carbonate, and barite. 
e. Techniques for underwater mining, except for dredging, have 
not been developed. The problem of exploiting a deposit of ore is 
more difficult by an order of magnitude than that required for oil. 
f. The industry awaits the discovery of geologically promising 
areas. 
Chemical 
a. Six categories of this industry were considered. These include 
extraction of raw material, waste disposal, direct utilization of sea 
water (such as desalination), products of the chemical industry suit- 
able for ocean environment, services of the chemical industry appli- 
cable to oceanography, and process development currently underway 
which has relevance to oceanography. 
b. The interest of the chemical industry in further development of 
ocean resources is reflected in the relatively recent emergence of several 
ventures encompassing chemical industry firms and oceanographic- 
oriented enterprises. 
c. The annual dollar volume of raw materials presently extracted 
from sea water is more than $200 million. The invested capital for 
sea and subsea minerals is estimated at over $300 million. 
d. The chemical industry has a multitude of products which are 
required, in a hostile marine environment, for application and pro- 
tection of personnel, manmade structures, equipment, fish, and plants. 
Current and projected ocean programs require new and improved 
products, including organic and inorganic chemicals, finishes, plastics, 
elastomers, metals, synthetic fibers, films, and photographic equipment. 
e. Overall process engineering ability represents the biggest potential 
contribution the chemical industry can make. 
Fishing 
a. A large part of domestic fish production is made on, over, or in 
close relation to the Continental Shelf. 
b. The fishing industry has a domestic capital investment in vessels, 
plants, etc., of about $1.4 billion. The value of the catch at the fisher- 
man level in 1965 was $460 million. There is broad scope for increase. 
c. Because of the common-property nature of fishery resources and 
conservation problems attendant thereto, the fishing industry relies 
almost exclusively on governmental and academic institutions for 
oceanographic research. 
d. The industry is particularly interested in expansion of ocean 
research supported by the Government on the Continental Shelf re- 
126 
