OCEANOGRAPHY 1961 — PHASE 3 261 



be able to predict waves and the weather needed for ship routing and 

 amphibious operations. 



The hydrobiology program within ONE is an integral and essen- 

 tial part of our overall oceanographic effort. In recent years the 

 Navy has developed a substantial interest in marine biology extending 

 significantly beyond the traditional concern with marine fouling. 

 This interest is a result of realization that a variety of problems which 

 confront the Navy in carrying out its assigned missions stem from 

 hydrobiological origin. 



Included in this interest are — 



1. Biological interference with underwater acoustic systems; 



2. Biological influences upon mine actions; 



3. Biological deterioration of marine structures and equipment; 



4. Bioluminescence; 



5. Poisonous, venomous, and noxious marine organisms ; 



6. Biological orientation, detection, and target evaluation 

 phenomena. 



All of these facets of marine biology are being investigated to deter- 

 mine their exact influence on equipment and operations. 



Our acoustics research program has a vital relationship to ocean- 

 ography because the physical properties of the oceans and its boun- 

 daries have a tremendous effect, usually adverse, on the transmission 

 of sound from our acoustic detection systems. In this particular field 

 of science, it is always difficult to define clearly just whether one is 

 performing acoustic research or oceanographic research. 



There are several programs devoted to the study of shore and beach 

 processes w^hich are of interest to us because of Navy shore installations 

 and amphibious operations. In addition, much of our Arctic re- 

 search has oceanographic implications. We are supporting a substan- 

 tial oceanographic program in the Arctic, using drift stations and 

 small aircraft capable of landing on the ice pack for the purpose of 

 taking oceanographic and meteorological measurements. Only re- 

 cently, through this program, we have discovered a new ice island in 

 the Arctic Ocean which we have occupied to further develop our 

 knowledge of this area. 



The programs which I have just mentioned represent what I like to 

 think of as the core of our basic marine sciences program within the 

 Office of Naval Kesearch. In order that the Navy be able to achieve 

 maximum benefits from this basic research, we also pursue many pro- 

 grams that apply the knowledge we acquire of the oceans to the solu- 

 tion of Navy problems. It is this close coupling of the basic research 

 to be applied problems that makes for an efficient research operation 

 for the Navy. 



We have maintained this interrelationship between basic and ap- 

 plied research by supporting, at the major oceanographic institutions, 

 programs which bear directly on Navy problems. The Marine 

 Physics Laboratory of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 

 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and Hudson Laboratory of 

 Columbia University all represent excellent examples. 



In many cases, the same scientists, who spend a part of their time 

 moving forward the frontiers of oceanography, also devote their ef- 

 forts to increasing the effectiveness of naval operations. ]\rost of our 

 applied programs in oceanographic research are in the field of anti- 



08965—61 9 



