OCEANOGRAPHY 1961 — PHASE 3 287 



vanced training and graduate training of scientists in these biological 

 specialties and to allow them to augment existing staffs of exports to 

 deal in an effective way with these subjects. 



I am willing to say that if we collect numerous samples of sea 

 water, collect large amounts of living organisms from the sea, and do 

 not know what they are, we can easily be misled in regard to the like- 

 lihood of the occurrence of such organisms in the same area again, and 

 the importance, for example, of the temperature of the water in pro- 

 ducing those organisms. 



The fact is that organisms are not all in the same place at the same 

 time in the oceans, for example. These things can only be determined 

 by scientists who understand what marine organisms are and what 

 their behavior is. 



In other words, Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, I think that the 

 physiology, the ecolog;^', economic biology, the radiation biology of 

 all living forms of the oceans are fundamental in oceanographic 

 science. 



I feel that in all of these fields, the basic scientific work of the sort 

 that is done at the Smithsonian is fundamental in making a program 

 effective and of advantage to all of the citizens of our Nation. 



Thank you, sir. 



Mr. DiNGELL. Doctor Carmichael, I certainly want to commend you 

 for a very fine statement and for the help you have been to this com- 

 mittee in understanding these problems of oceanography, particularly 

 insofar as it affects the great Institution of which you are a very- 

 high ranking officer. 



The Chair will recognize Mr. Lennon. 



Mr. Lennon. Thani: you, Mr. Chairman. 



Doctor, I guess it would oe safe to say that of the vast multitudes 

 who come to "Washington every year, 80 percent of them want first of 

 all to visit the Smithsonian Institution. It is a great institution in 

 America and that is certainly my point of view. 



You indicated earlier you believe the voluntary Inter-Departmental 

 Agency Committee was sufficient, but if the Congress moved to a 

 National Council of Oceanography, certainly you folks ought to be 

 made an essential part of it. 



The Inter-Departmental Voluntary Committee was established in 

 January of last year and have you folks been invited to participate in 

 their regular meetings they have held now for these last 15 or 16 

 months ? 



Dr. Carmichael. We have been to some of the meetings, but I do 

 not know if we have been invited to all of the meetings. 



Mr. Lennon. Have you been asked to be made a part of this Vol- 

 untary Committee and participate with the members of your staff at a 

 certain level in the Committee ? 



Dr. Carmichael. I must say I do not know. I know that we have 

 been kept informed, but the degree to which we have been an active 

 member of the Committee, I cannot say. 



I am the general administrator of the Smithsonian Institution but 

 I cannot answer that question. 



Mr. Lennon. You would make the decision as to what person on 

 your staff would be a member of this Committee ? 



Dr. Carmichael. Yes. 



