OCEANOGRAPHY 1961 — PHASE 3 303 



We must learn to liiisband the biology of abundance — the tropics, 

 and the biology of paucity — the arid lands. On the other hand, even 

 if no major biological problems are solved directly by such an inter- 

 national effort, the money and energy will not have been spent in vain. 

 I am convinced that one of the ways by which world tensions may 

 be lessened is by increased international contact among scientists. 

 Also, the resulting improved communication among biologists will 

 have been worth the effort itself. Any major effort to bolster our re- 

 search in and development of aquatic resources should be considered 

 within the framework of an international biological project. 



It has been a privilege for me to direct these remarks to your com- 

 mittee, and I commend this entire group for its thoughtful attention to 

 the problems of marine science which are facing us. 



Mr. DiNGELL. Mr. Lennon? 



Mr. Lennon. No questions. 



Mr. DiNGELL. Mr. Pelly ? 



Mr. Pelly. No questions. 



Mr. DiNGELL. Mr. Bauer ? 



Mr. Bauer. Mr. Cox, several witnesses have expressed the opinion 

 that in a study of the aquatic environment there should be a division 

 between fresh water and salt Avater. Does this apply to thinking in 

 respect to studies of biological inhabitants of the environment '? In 

 other words, should there be a distinction between the study of fresh 

 water and a study of salt water ? 



Mr. Cox. I would cover myself by saying I am not a marine bi- 

 ologist, I am a botanist by training. In the field of plants, in which 

 I would have some competence, I should not think there is a clear- 

 cut distinction between salt water and fresh water. I do not think 

 there is a clear-cut distinction between salt water researchers and 

 fresh water researchers. 



Mr. Bauer. Could Dr. Olive perhaps talk to the distinction with 

 respect to the zoological inhabitants ? 



Mr. Cox. He could. 



Mr. Olive. I think I would state that I, too, see no clear distinc- 

 tions. Actually, I would look at fresh waters as being models per- 

 haps that could apply very nicely to the oceans. It is entirely feasible 

 that we should look at these more carefully in terms of the size of the 

 body of water. It becomes much more tenable for us to carry out 

 investigations, long range, take those findings and apply them to the 

 oceans. Actually, if you go back in history, you wdll find the great 

 majority of oceanographers have been trained as fresh water bi- 

 ologists. At least, they had their roots in fresh water habitats. 



Mr. DiNGELL. Is it not also true that back in the beginning of the 

 earth the oceans were not salt but have become salt by reason of the 

 leeching from the earth ? 



Mr. Olive. You are precisely right, sir. 



Mr. DiNGELL. So this may be still more further illustrative that 

 they actually are models in how close is the biology of salt water 

 and fresh water. 



Mr. Olive. I would agree, Mr. Chairman. 



Mr. Bauer. In other words, it is the opinion of both Dr. Olive and 

 Dr. Cox that there would be no advantage in the study of basic 

 biology to split the national program into fresh water and salt water? 



