OCEANOGRAPHY 1961 — PHASE 3 341 



and this is quite different from having a ship satisfactory just to go 

 out as a platform to gather samples and make simple measurements. 



Mr. Bauer. In other words, you contemplate the Woods Hole ship 

 will be used for underwater acoustics primarily ? 



Dr. Bolt. This would be one of the several things that it would 

 do. If you would like more details on the kind of programs there 

 are, there are many other uses of that ship contemplated. 



Mr. Bauer. I would like to find out wny you went from diesel to 

 steam and increased the yearly operational cost estimated from 

 $410,000 a year to $432,000 a year using steam. 



Dr. Bolt. Perhaps the most important single consideration going to 

 steam was the quietness of the vessel, the ability to give it a low enough 

 noise so that it can detect very weak signals coming from long dis- 

 tances. 



Mr. Bauer. You are familiar with the geophysical industry that has 

 been in the business of making seismic studies of the bottom of the 

 ocean. They are down to depths of 20,000 feet below the bottom of 

 the ocean by both seismic reflection and seismic refraction and they 

 have no difficulty with diesel ships. 



Dr. Bolt. This is a question of degree and a question of just what 

 they are doing. In general, the seismic measurements to which you 

 refer are restricted to certain frequency ranges and also they have 

 relatively high levels of acoustic energy available. In a general un- 

 derwater acoustics research program, one is interested in frequencies 

 over a very wide range, from very low to very high frequencies, and 

 you are dealing with extremely weak signals if you are looking for 

 sound waves coming from a great distance away. There is a sig- 

 nificant difference between steam and diesel in the ability to design a 

 quiet ship. 



Mr. Bauer. You know, of course, that the tongue of the ocean is 

 being investigated from the point of view of underwater sound, quan- 

 tity of noise, the background noise, by a commercial company under 

 contract with the Navy, and they use diesels in their explorations. 



Dr. Bolt. That is right and they can come to a full stop to make 

 certain measurements, also. 



Mr. Bauer. Is that bad ? 



Dr. Bolt. In certain cases you would like to make continuous runs 

 to have something that is quiet enough to be able to be underway while 

 3'ou are making your survey. 



Mr. Bauer. Let us look at the other ship that you have here. You 

 have the USNS Eltanin^ I believe in your Antarctic program. 



An ice-strengthened cargo ship will become a seagoing scientific laboratory. 

 This ship will be fitted to accommodate numerous disciplines, including meteor- 

 ology, upper air atmosphere studies, marine and terrestrial biology, physicial 

 oceanography, submarine geology, and geomagnetic studies. 



This ship is a conversion, is it not ? 



Dr. Bolt. Yes. 



Mr. Bauer. OfaC-lhuU. 



Dr. Lyman. It is not a C-1 hull. It was a specifically ice-strength- 

 ened vessel that was built for MSTS several years ago. 



Mr. Bauer. And the amount that you have in the budget for fiscal 

 1962 and 1963 in the expenditure of the antarctic phase of your op- 

 erations is $1 ,700,000 on that ship ? Is that right ? 



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