THE FUR-SEAL ISLANDS OF ALASKA. 85 



tore tliem out, leaving an ngly, gaping wound — for the sharp eye teeth cut a deeper gutter in the sUin and flesli 

 than would have held my hand; tired into almost supernatural rage, the injured lion retaliated, quick as a flasli, in 

 kind; the hair flew from both of them into the air, the blood streamed down in frothy torrents, while high above 

 the boom of the breaking waves and shrill deafening screams of water-fowl over head, rose the ferocious, hoarse, 

 and desperate roar of the combatants. 



Land travel of the sea-lion.— Though provided with fli])pers, to all external view, as the fur-seal is, the 

 sea-lion cannot, however, make use of them at all in the same free manner. The fur-seal may be driven five or six 

 miles in twenty-four hours, under the most favorable conditions of cool, moist weather; the "seevitchie", however, 

 can only go two miles, the conditions of weather and roadway being the same. The sea-lion balances and swings 

 its long and heavy neck, as a lever, to and fro, with every hitching up behind of its posterior limbs, which it seldom 

 raises from the ground, drawing them up after the fore-feet with a slide over the grass or sand, and rocks, as the 

 case n:ay be ; ever and anon pausing to take a sullen and savage survey of the field and the natives, who are diiving 

 them. 



The sea-lion is polygamous, but it does not maintain any regular system and method in preparing for and 

 attending to its harem, like that so finely illustrated on the breeding-grounds of the fur-seal ; and it is not so 

 numerous, comparatively speaking. There are not, according to my best judgment, over ten or twelve thousand 

 of these animals altogether on the breeding-grounds of the Pribylov islands ; it does not haul more than a few rods 

 anywhere, or under any circumstances, back from the sea. It cannot be visited and inspected by men as the fur- 

 seals are, for it is so shy and suspicious that, on the slightest warning of an approach, a stampede into the water is 

 a certain result.* 



Peculiak cowaedice of the sea-lion. — That noteworthy, intelligent courage of the fur-seal, though it does 

 not possess half the size nor one-quarter of the muscular strength of the sea-lion, is entirely wanting in the huge 

 bulk and brain of the Eumctopias. A boy, with a rattle or a pop-gun, could stampede ten thousand sea-lion bulls, 

 in the height of the breeding-season, to the water; and keep them there for the rest of the season.! 



First arrivals. — The males come out and locate over the narrow belts of the rookery-grounds (sometimes as 

 at St. Paul on the immediate sea-margin of the fur-seal breeding places), two or three weeks in advance of the 

 females, which arrive later, i. e., between the 1st to the Cth of June; and these females are never subjected to 

 that intense, jealous supervision so characteristic of the fur-seal harem. The sea-lion bulls, however, fight savagely 

 among themselves, and turn oft' from the breeding-ground all the younger and weaker males. 



The female sea-lion. — The cow sea-lion is not quite half the size of the adult male; she will measure from 

 eight to nine feet in length osteologically, with a weight of four or five hundred pounds ; she has the same general 

 cast of countenance and build of the bull ; but, as she does not sustain any fasting period of over a week or ten 

 days consecutively, she never comes out so grossly fat as the male. With reference to the weight of the latter, I 

 was particularly unfortunate in not being able to get one of those big bulls to the scales before it had been bled; 

 and in bleeding I know that a flood of blood poured out which should have been recorded in the weight. There- 

 lore, I can only estimate this aggregate avoirdupois of one of the finest-conditioned adult male sea-lions at 1,400 

 to 1,500 pounds; an average weight, however, might safely be recorded as touching 1,200 pounds.^ 



*That the sea-lion bull should be 80 cowardly hi the presence of man, yet so ferocious aud brave toward one another and other 

 amphiliious animals, struck me as a line of singular contrast with the undaunted bearing of the fur seal "seacatcli", which, though being 

 not half the size, or possessing muscular power to anythiug like its development in the "seevitchie", nevertheless, will unflinchingly face, 

 on its station at the rookery, any man, to the death. The sea-lion liulls, certainly, fight as savagely and as desperately, one with another, 

 as the fur seal males do. There is no <iuestiou about that ; and their superior strength aud size only makes the result more eti'ective in 

 the exhibition of gaping wounds and attendant bloodshed. I have repeatedly seen examples of these old warriors of the sea which were 

 literally scarred, from their muzzles to their posteriors, so badly and so uniformly as to have fairly lost all the color, or general appearauce 

 even, of hair anywhere on their bodies. 



I recall, in this connection, the sight of an aged m.ale sea-lion, which had evidently been defeated by a younger and more lusty rival, 

 perhaps ; it was hauled Tipon a, lava shelf at Southwest point, solitary aud alone ; the rock around it being literally covered with pools 

 of pus, which was oozing out and trickling down from a score of festering wounds ; the victim stood planted squarely on its torn fore- 

 flippers, with head erect and thrown back upon its shoulders ; its eyes were closed, and it gently swayed its sore neck and shoulders in a 

 sort of troubled, painful day-dreaming or dozing. Like the fur-seal, the sea-lion never notices its wounds to nurse and lick them, as dogs 

 do, or other carnivora ; it never pays the slightest attention to them, no matter how grievously it may be injured. 



t This marked cowardice of the sea-lion was well noted by Steller, who speaks of it thus : " Though the males have a terrible aspect, 

 yet they take flight on the first .appearance of man ; and if surprised in their sleep, they are panic struck, sighing deeply, and in their 

 attempt to escape get quite confused, timible down, and tremble so much that they are scarcely able to move their limbs. If, however, 

 reduced to extremity, they grow desperate, turn on their euemy with great fury and noise, aud put even the most valiant to flight." — 

 Nov. Com. Acad. Set. PetropoL, tome ii, 1749. 



} Often, when the fur-seal and sea-lion bulls haul up in the beginning of the season, examples among them which are inordinately 

 fat will be seen; their extra avoirdupois renders them very conspicuous, even amoug large gatherings of their kind; they seem to exhibit 

 a sense of self-oppression then, quite as marked as is that subsequent air of depression worn when, later, they have starved out this load 

 of surplus blubber, and are shambling back to the sea, for recuperation aud rest. 



I thought over and devised many plans to kill and weigh entire one of these unusually heavy ))ulls ; but, they all failed, because I did 

 not have the time to spare fromsonuiny other observations pressing aud necessary to be made at that season, if made at .all during the year. 

 The united efl'ort of five or six men, aided by the mule and cart at St. Paul, would solve the problem, doubtless, almost any day they set about 



