THOMAS] INDIAN LANGUAGES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 37 
that is to say, belonging to the Nahuatlan stock. If it be true that 
one of the missionaries wrote an “Arte y Vocabulario” in this 
language, as asserted by Ludewig (52) on the authority of Arlegui 
and De Souza, this evidently shows sufficient study of the language 
to have given some knowledge of its affinities. That it could not 
have been related to the Athapascan group seems to be indicated 
by this evidence. 
The several missions among the Concho gave the missionaries a 
good opportunity of studying their language and customs, and, where 
Indians of more than one language were collected, of comparing dia- 
lects. For example, we learn from Arlegui (97) that there were 
gathered at the Convento of the Valle de S. Bartholome representa- 
tives of the Concho, Tarahumare, and Toboso. 
On the whole, the evidence seems strong. enough to warrant us 
in placing the tribe in the Nahuatlan family. 
ToBoso 
According to the conclusion reached by Orozco y Berra, as shown 
on his map, the Toboso occupied the region immediately east of the 
Concho and extending northward from a little below the twenty- 
seventh degree of north latitude to the Rio Grande del Norte, join- 
ing the Pakawan group on the east and the Laguneros (Orozco’s 
Irritilas) on the south. Orozco y Berra (1:308-309) says they 
spread about the Bolson de Mapimi, and committing depredations 
in Chihuahua and Durango, as on the missions of Parras, and some 
of those in Coahuila and the north of Nuevo Leon. 
Villa-Sefior y Sanchez (11, 296-297) associates them with a tribe 
or people he names Gabilanes, and locates them, or part of them, 
in a region on the border line of Coahuila and Nueva Vizcaya, called 
the “‘Cuesta de los muertos.’”’ He gives as the number of Toboso of 
this group some 90 or 100 families. At another place in the same vol- 
ume (349) he mentions as tribes living in this desert region and 
stretching along the banks of the Rio Grande, including part of the 
lands of Coahuila and northward, the Toboso, Gabilanes, “Tripas 
blaneas,”’ Xicarillas, and others, some of which were undoubtedly 
- Apache. 
It would seem from these items of evidence, from the additional 
fact that the Toboso are several times spoken of by the early author- 
ities as being joined with the Apache in their raids, and from the 
savage, predatory character ascribed to them, that Orozco y Berra 
is justified in classifying them with the Apache (1 :309). 
The Cocoyome and Cabezas, which he mentions in the reference 
given, appear to have been embraced by him under Toboso. How- 
ever, it is proper to state that Morfi (418) appears to distinguish 
between the Toboso and the Apache, but gives them like charac- 
