46 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 44 
No published authority for any of these names other than Orozco 
y Berra’s Geografia and what his statements are based on has been 
found. His authority, as he tells us (1: 291), is a manuscript in the 
Archivo General, by ‘‘D. Agustin Lopez de la Camara alta. 1757.” 
OToMI 
(Synonym: Hia-hid) 
The Otomi in the limited sense, that is, the group speaking the 
Otomi language and its dialects, occupied a large area of central 
Mexico, extending from the vicinity of Mexico City northward to 
22° N. lat., and east and west over nearly four degrees of longitude, 
joining the Huasteca on the northeast, the Nahuatlan on the north- 
west and southeast, and the Tarasco on the southwest. Orozco 
y Berra says (1:17) the language is encountered in the state of 
Mexico, in San Luis Potosi, embraces all of Querétaro (then including 
the present state of Hidalgo) and a large part’ of Guanajuato, reap- 
pearing with the Tepehua about the Totonac area and at a point 
on the confines of Puebla and Vera Cruz. Languages related to 
the Otomi proper are the Pame, the Mazahua, and the Pirinda. The 
evidence Orozco y Berra presents as to the area embraced is a list 
of pueblos and curates in which the Otomi language is known to 
have been spoken. 
It is unnecessary to quote the earlier authorities, as the name as 
used by them is not sufficiently definite to be applied to the Otomi 
tribe in the limited sense. Although it has been stated that there 
were numerous dialects in the speech of different pueblos, none 
save those mentioned above have been given. 
As Orozco y Berra’s mapping will not be followed in this instance 
the following statement by Prof. Frederick Starr (79-80) should be 
considered: 
Where the states of Hidalgo, Puebla, and Vera Cruz come together we find the 
strangest interminglings. There Aztecs, Otomis, Tepehuas, and Totonacs are sur- 
prisingly sprinkled. . . . Inregard to this region, Orozco y Berra, usually so valuable, 
becomes frequently useless. 
Orozco y Berra in mapping the Otomi has given the Pame and 
Mazahua separate areas and different colors; the Pirinda, however, 
is omitted, as stated below. In the map accompanying this paper 
the different areas are brought under one color, the Pirinda having 
its area and number as the other divisions. 
A part of the Otomi, especially those toward the northwest, were 
included by some of the early writers under Chichimeca. 
PAME 
The Pame, as located by Orozco y Berra, were bordered on the 
north and northeast by the Pisone and Janambre, on the south- 
