tH0MAS] INDIAN LANGUAGES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 49 
Marcelo Alejandre (162) says that, according to tradition, the 
Huasteca coming from the north established themselves first at the 
place now known as Altamira, in Tamaulipas, and afterward moved 
to the left bank of the Bar of Tampico. Sahagun (670) states that 
they lived in the province of Panuco, properly called Pantlan, or 
Panotlan. Pimentel (1, 5) says that at the coming of the Spaniards 
the place they occupied was at the north of the kingdom of Texcoco 
.(Tezcuco), comprehending the north part of the state of Vera Cruz 
and a small part (‘‘fraccion’’) of the bordering portion of San Luis. 
According to Orozco y Berra (1: 206), their area extended along the 
Gulf coast from Vera Cruz to San Luis Potosi, extending probably 
some distance into Tamaulipas. } 
ToTONAC 
As to their language and history, as well as to geographical posi- 
tion, the Totonac are one of the most interesting tribes of Mexico. 
The proper classification of their language has long been, and is still, 
in doubt, so much so that it is usually given as an independent stock. 
It was on their territory that Spanish history and Spanish rule had 
their initiation in Mexico and Central America, when Cortés appeared 
on the scene in 1519. 
The area they occupied was in the northern portions of what are 
now the states of Vera Cruz and Puebla and the eastern extremity 
of Hidalgo, the Gulf coast forming the eastern boundary, and the 
northern boundary following closely the twenty-first parallel of north 
latitude. 
According to the Arte of D. José Zambrano, which has been fol- 
lowed by subsequent writers, the Totonac language was divided into 
four idioms: Tetikilhati, spoken by the Tetikilhati in the high sierras; 
Chakahuaxti, spoken by Chakahuaxti in the pueblos of Xalpan and 
Pantepec; Tatimolo, spoken by the Tatimolo of the pueblo Naolingo; 
and Ipapana, spoken by the Ipapana in the missions of the Augus- 
tines. As these idioms have not been determined by subsequent 
investigation, they are omitted. The present tendency of linguistic 
opinion is to place the Totonac language in the Mayan family, thus 
bringing it into relation with the Huasteca. The long friendly rela- 
tions between the two tribes correspond with this opinion. Orozco 
y Berra (1: 214) expressed his belief in the relationship of the two 
dialects. . 
TEPEHUA 
The Tepehua, which has been given as distinct by Orozco y Berra, 
and located on his map along the northwestern border of the 
Totonac territory, is in all probability related to the latter and 
should be placed inthesame group. He says that, joined to the Toto- 
