FEWKES] HISTORY 79 
The supposed tormer passageways into chambers B and D have already been de- 
scribed in my consideration of these rooms. When seen from the south room they do 
not materially differ from what has already been said of them. The western wall of 
room E is pierced by a small, square, windowlike opening high up in the second 
story. Upon this side of the room one can without difficulty make out two stories and 
the remnants of the third above the present level of the ground. The line of holes in 
which the floor logs formerly fitted can be traced with ease, and a row of smaller 
cavities can be readily seen between the passageway into room B and a middle ver- 
tical line of the north wall. Vandalistic scribblings of varied nature deface this 
room, and ambitious visitors with no claim for complimentary notice have cut their 
names upon the smoothly plastered walls. There are also spiral markings resembling 
forms of pictographs common on the sides of the mesas inhabited by the Tusayan 
Indians. 
Room ©, Centra Room 
The central chamber of Casa Grande, like the other rooms, the eastern and the 
western, is elongated in a north-south direction. It differs from the others in that it 
shows the walls of an additional story on all four sides, and has but one entrance. 
This entrance is from its eastern side. The walls are very smooth and apparently 
carefully polished. There are well preserved evidences of the flooring, and the 
smaller sticks which formerly lay upon the same are beautifully indicated by rows 
of small holes in the northern wall. The eastern opening by which one enters has 
already been described, as well as the windowlike openings leading into the western 
chamber. ( 
The walls of the third story on the western side are pierced by three circular 
openings about 5 inches in diameter, which preserve their ancient outline. The rim 
of these openings is smoothly polished, which would indicate that they were never 
used for floor joists; indeed, their position seems to point in the same direction. They 
were possibly windows or lookouts. On the north and south wall there are similar 
openings, one on each wall. The round hole in the south wall is situated about on 
the middle vertical line of the wall, while that on the north is a little to the east of the 
middle. On the east wall there are three of these small round holes, placed one to 
the north of the doorway and one to the south. These openings are at times placed 
as high as the head of a person standing on the floor of the third chamber, but there 
are some which are only a few feet above the probable level of the floor. They appear 
to be characteristic of the central room and of the third story. 
COSMOS MINDELEFF’S DESCRIPTION 
The most comprehensive description of Casa Grande is by Mr. 
Cosmos Mindeleff. (Pls. 8-10.) As this is available to all who have 
access to the reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology, it is not 
here quoted in its entirety, but reference is made to certain points, 
some of which were first brought out by this talented author. 
The name Casa Grande has been usually applied to a single struc- 
ture standing near the southwestern corner of a large area covered 
by mounds and other débris, but some writers have applied the term 
to the southwestern portion of Compound A, while still others have so 
designated the whole area. The last-mentioned seems the proper 
application of the term, but throughout this paper, in order to avoid 
confusion, the settlement as a whole will be designated the Casa 
