FEWKES ] HISTORY v 81 
There is no setback in the northern wall at the first floor level, though there is a very 
slight one in the southern wall; none appears in the eastern and western walls.’ Yet 
in the second roof level there is a double setback of 9 and 5 inches in the western 
wall, and the northern wall has a setback of 9 inches, and the top of the wall still 
shows the position of nearly all the roof timbers. This suggests—and the suggestion 
is supported by other facts to be mentioned later—that the northern room was added 
after the completion of the rest of the edifice. 
The second roof or third floor level, the present top of the wall, has a decided pitch 
outward, amounting to nearly 5 inches. Furthermore, the outside of the northern 
wall of the middle room, above the second roof level of the northern room is very 
much eroded. This indicates that the northern room never had a greater height 
than two stories, but probably the walls were crowned with low parapets. .. . 
The walls of the western room were smoothly finished and the finish is well preserved, 
but here, as in the northern room, the exterior wall of the middle room was not finished 
above the second roof level, and there is no doubt that two stories above the ground 
were the maximum height of the western rooms, excluding the parapet. . . . 
The walls of the southern room are perhaps better finished and less well constructed 
than any others in the building. The beam holes in the southern wall are regular, 
those in the northern wall less so. The beams used averaged a little smaller than 
those in the other rooms, and there is no trace whatever in the overhanging wall of 
the use of rushes or canes in the construction of the roof above. The walls depart 
considerably from vertical plane surfaces; the southern wall inclines fully 12 inches 
inward, while in the northeastern corner the side of a doorway projects fully 3 inches 
into the room. . . . The walls of the eastern room were well finished, and, except 
the western wall, in fairly good preservation. The floor beams were not placed in 
a straight line, but rise slightly near the middle, as noted above. The finish of some 
of the openings suggests that the floor was but 3 or 4 inches above the beams, and that 
the roughened surface, already mentioned, was not part of it. . . . 
Openings.—The Casa Grande was well provided with doorways and other open- 
ings arranged in pairs one above the other. There were doorways from each room 
into each adjoining room, except that the middle room was entered only from the east. 
Some of the openings were not used and were closed with blocks of solid masonry 
built into them long prior to the final abandonment of the ruin. 
The middle room had three doorways, one above the other, all opening eastward. 
The lowest doorway opened directly on the floor level, and was 2 feet wide, with 
vertical sides. . . . The doorway of the second story is preserved only on the northern 
side. Its bottom, still easily distinguishable, is 1 foot 6 inches above the bottom of 
the floor beams. It was not over 2 feet wide and was about 4 feet high... . In 
addition to its three doorways, all in the eastern wall, the middle tier of rooms was 
well provided with niches and holes in the walls, some of them doubtless utilized as 
outlooks. On the left of the upper doorway are two holes, a foot apart, about 4 inches 
in diameter, and smoothly finished. Almost directly above these some 3 feet, and 
about 2 feet higher than the top of the door, there are two similar holes. Near the 
southern end of the room in the same wall there is another round opening a trifle 
larger and about 44 feet above the floor level. In the western wall there are two 
similar openings, and there is one each in the northern and southern walls. . . . In 
the second story, or middle room of the middle tier, there were no openings except 
the doorway in the eastern wall and two small orifices in the western wall. 
20903°—28 ETH—12——6 
