FEWKESs] MINOR ANTIQUITIES 143 
objects, deposited because they had been used for ceremonial pur- 
poses. This form of ceremonial cigarette has been discovered in 
some of the ruins along the Little Colorado and is still used among 
the Hopi in kiva exercises, although now almost wholly superseded 
by cigarettes wrapped in cornhusk. 
A small dish containing native tobacco (Nicotiana attenuta) was 
found in one of the rooms. ‘ 
SHELL OBJECTS 
From the number and variety of marine shells found in the exca- 
vations at Casa Grande it is evident that the ancient inhabitants 
prized these objects and either obtained them directly from the sea- 
shore, or carried on an extensive trade in them w:th other tribes. 
All the genera of marine shells found are indigenous to the Pacific 
Ocean or the Gulf of California; there is not a single specimen that 
can be traced to the Gulf of Mexico. These shells in prehistoric 
times must have been widely distributed, for they are found through- 
out Arizona and New Mexico and far into Chibuahua. We find the 
shells both entire and cut into various ornamental forms, in imitation 
of birds, reptiles, frogs, and other animals, the specimens in the last- 
named group presenting fine examples of art in shell. 
The esteem in which shells were held is explained in part by their 
supposed magic power to bring rain, while the great brilliancy of the 
pearly layer of certain genera, as the abalone, or ear shell! (Haliotis), 
made them especially attractive ornaments. 
The most common genus of mollusk found at Casa Grande is Pec- 
tunculus, the Pacific Coast clam, which was cut into a variety of orna- 
ments, among which may be mentioned wristlets, armlets, carved 
frogs, and ear pendants. The largest specimens of Pectunculus were 
always chosen for armlets, the smaller being made into wristlets. 
Armlets were prepared by grinding down the convex surface, leaving 
a rim about the knob, which was perforated. As many as seven of 
these armlets were found on the humerus of a single skeleton exhumed 
from a mound near Compound B. Some armlets and bracelets (see 
fig. 48) are ornamented exteriorly with incised lines into which 
were rubbed colored paints, as red and yellow. The surface of one 
of the most beautiful specimens of incised finger rings was thus dec- 
orated with red figures representing rain clouds and lightning. This 
specimen (pl. 75, a) is large enough for the middle finger of an adult; 
it was found, together with bones of a human hand, in a grave. (See 
also fig. 49.) 
1 Specimens of this shell were found entire and in fragments; some of the latter were cut into orna- 
ments and perforated. 
