150 CASA GRANDE, ARIZONA [ETH. ANN. 28 
SEEDS 
In one of the rooms east of Casa Grande were found seeds of several 
kinds—corn, beans, and mesquite beans. The corn grains were often 
encountered in masses, generally charred, some being so much burnt 
that they were recognizable only with difficulty. 
Some of these seeds were found in pottery vessels, many of which 
were in fragmentary condition; most of this pottery came to light in 
the rooms east of the main building of Compound A, which was 
evidently used as a dumping place long after the rooms were aban- 
doned. The presence of many fragments of textiles, pottery, corn 
stalks and leaves, charcoal from sticks or beams, and ashes in quanti- 
ties suggested that possibly fires were once built here. 
RELATION OF COMPOUNDS TO PUEBLOS 
The architecture of the compounds of the Gila-Salt Basin is suffi- 
ciently characteristic to distinguish them from pueblos, making pos- 
sible the assumption that the sociology of the peoples was also 
different. In compounds and pueblos we recognize buildings of at 
least two types, apparently devoted to two distinct purposes, secular 
and ceremonial. The homologue of the massive house with its sur- 
rounding wall is unknown among pueblos, and the kiva of the latter 
is not represented architecturally in the Gila Valley ruins.! 
It is instructive to note that the ruins in the valley of the Little 
Colorado, where the influence of the Gila Valley culture was marked, 
contain no true kivas. Their ceremonial rooms were kihus, morpho- 
logically different from, although functionally the same as, kivas. 
The Zuni kiwitse architecturally resembles a kihu rather than a kiva, 
and is probably a survivor of the ceremonial room of the Little Colo- 
rado ruins. Among the Hopi there are both kivas and kihus, the 
former traceable to northern and eastern influence. The reason kivas 
have not been found in the Little Colorado drainage is that there the 
ceremonial rooms were kihus, which are difficult to distinguish from 
other rooms in the house masses. 
It is hard to reach a definite conclusion regarding the relative ages 
of the Gila Valley compounds and the pueblos of northern Arizona, 
or to compare as to age the Arizona ruins with those of New Mexico 
and Colorado. If we rely on traditions for that comparison, they 
teach, in the opinion of the writer, that both are older than the Little 
Colorado pueblos, to which group the Zuni ruins belong. 
1 These two architectural forms of Pueblo ceremonial rooms are so different that one can hardly have 
been derived from the other, They are analogous but not homologous, and their relations are difficult to 
determine. 
