FEWKES] RELATION OF COMPOUNDS TO PUEBLOS 1538 
SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS 
The preceding conclusions may be summarized as follows: In 
ancient times the whole drainage of the Gila and its tributaries from 
the points where they leave the mountains as far at least as Gila 
Bend was inhabited by an agricultural people in a homogeneous stage 
of culture. Throughout this region existed minor divisions of a 
common stock. The Pima name Hohokam may be adopted to des- 
ignate this ancestral stock, to whom may be ascribed the erection 
of the casas grandes on the Gila. These ‘great houses’”’ were places 
of refuge, ceremony, and trade. They were inhabited and ruled by 
the chiefs. whose names they bear among the present Pima. The 
Fig. 53. Model of Pima circular house constructed south of Compound A. 
people dwelt in small huts of perishable character, not unlike Pima 
jacales of historic times, a few of which still survive. In the course of 
time a hostile faction bent on pillage came into this region from east 
or west and drove the agriculturists out of their casas grandes or at 
least broke up the custom of building such structures. But although 
dispersed, the ancient house builders were not exterminated; some of 
them became refugees and migrated south into Mexico, some followed 
the course of the Verde and the Tonto into the northern mountains, 
but others, perhaps the majority, gradually lost their former culture 
but still remained in the Gila Valley, becoming ancestors of the present 
Pima, Papago, and Kwahadt (Quahatika). Those who went north- 
ward later built pueblos (now ruins) in the Little Colorado Valley. 
