158 CASA GRANDE, ARIZONA [BTH. ANN. 28 
Of the various tributaries that have served for the transmission 
northward of the culture of the Gila-Salt region the Tonto and the 
Verde were the most important routes. Along their banks are 
many ruins of former houses of the clans from the south that migrated 
northward, a few reaching Tusayan, as traditions of the Hopi declare. 
Mindeleff* reached the conclusion, from which the author dissents, 
that there was a migration in the Verde Valley from the north to the 
south, as shown in the following quotation: 
The internal evidence supports the conclusion that the movement [along the Verde] 
was southward and that in the large ruin near Limestone Creek the inhabitants of the 
lower Verde Valley had their last resting place before they were absorbed by the - 
population south of them, or were driven permanently from this region. 
The existence of many large ruins and the small amount of arable 
land in the southern part of the Verde Valley would seem to indicate 
that the clans traversed the valley seeking better agricultural lands, 
the soil improving as one goes north. They crossed the mountains 
from south to north, eventually descending into the valley of the 
Little Colorado, which was uninhabited. An examination of 
the narrow lower Verde Valley shows that it was not fitted for the 
support of so large a population as that imdicated by the re- 
mains of the great settlements along the Gila: The ruins of 
the pueblos built in this region bear inherent evidences that they 
were not long inhabited; the clans drifted farther north, where 
the valley afforded better soil and more abundant water. With 
progress northward the number of ruins increases, showing that the 
land was more thickly populated and the length of occupancy greater. 
When the emigrants above mentioned met the eastern clans they 
became assimilated with them and the farther they went from the 
Gila the more they lost resemblance to the parent type. The sphere 
of influence of the southern culture can be fairly well traced, its 
northern limit being not far from the mesas of the Hopi, who have 
been somewhat modified by it. It can be traced as far as the upper 
Verde and extended eastward to the pueblo of Acoma.? 
The ruins directly ascribed to the southern culture show little 
influence of Keresan or Tanoan clans but suggest the blocks of build- 
ings in the Gila compounds. These ruins contain no circular subter- 
ranean kivas. The pottery of these southern pueblos has character- 
istic symbols traceable throughout the regions to which its influence 
extended. 
The pottery of the first-settled pueblos of the Hopi, as Sikyatki, 
is distinctly allied to that of the eastern culture type and shows little 
resemblance to that from the south. Hopi pottery was never pro- 
1In 13th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., p. 259. 
2 Pueblo ruins like Kintiel, north of Navaho Springs, show strongly this southern influence and marked 
resemblance to Zuni Valley ruins. 
