FEWKES ] RUINS ON THE UPPER VERDE RIVER 189 
suppose this structure to have been inhabited by people hostile to 
those occupying the cliffs below, nor is it reasonable to regard its 
walls as of a later or an earlier period of construction. It is known 
that a division of rooms into kivas and living quarters is a constant 
feature in most modern, and in some ancient, pueblos.’ Possibly 
there was a corresponding duality in this cluster, the cavate lodges 
and the pueblo on the bluff having different functions. 
While most of the walls of the Oak Creek pueblo have fallen, a 
few of the rooms are fairly well preserved. These are situated on the 
south side, rising from the rim of the precipitous bluff; the descent 
NOOO 
A aT 
ayes 
aie res 
Fig. 55. Ground plan of pueblo on hluff overlooking Oak Creek. 
on the north side is more gradual. An examination of the ground 
plan (fig. 55) shows that the total length (measured east and west) 
is 231 feet and the breadth 135 feet. Most of the rooms are fairly 
large; their walls are of undressed reddish-colored stones, bearing evi- 
dences that they were formerly plastered. The highest wall still 
standing is about 20 feet, while several walls are 15 feet, in height. 
The positions of projecting floor beams and of apertures which for- 
merly received such beams indicate that the structure in its highest 
part originally contained three stories and was a pueblo.? 
1Tt is known that there are no circular kivas in Verde ruins, and the rectangular ceremonial rooms 
(kihus) in this valley have not yet been differentiated from habitations. 
2 A pueblo is a compact community building, generally more than two stories high and terraced, the 
stories above the first having latera! entrances. 
