190 ANTIQUITIES OF THE VERDE AND WALNUT CREEK  [nru. any. 28 
In all the outlines of rooms that have been traced there are no 
evidences of kivas (subterranean chambers specialized for ceremonial 
purposes), but at the northwestern corner, outside the walls, is a 
circular depression suggesting a former reservoir. Viewed from 
below or from the left bank of Oak Creek, the ruin with the line of 
cavate rooms beneath and the wall of the pueblo crowning the bluff 
forms a striking picture, as shown in the accompanying illustrations 
(pls. 81, 6; $2). The caves below—that is, the rooms excavated in the 
side of the bluff—will be considered first. 
The openings into these cavate lodges appear at two levels, those in 
the lower row being the more numerous. The front wall of the upper 
row has been almost completely destroyed by the elements. Three 
sections may be distinguished in the lower or main line of cavate 
rooms—western, middle, and eastern. While in general style of con- 
struction the rooms of all three sections are similar, the chambers 
vary to so great an extent in size, depth to which excavated, and in 
other particulars as to suggest that they were used for different pur- 
poses. The rooms of the western end (pl. 83), which are larger than 
those of the other two sections, are more easily approached. The 
cluster of rooms at the eastern end (pls. 83, 84) can not be entered 
from the others, but is approached by climbing the bluff (pl. 84) above 
the Cornville road. The broken openings of the western and middle 
sections face southward beyond Oak Creek, while those at the east 
face more toward the east. 
In order to comprehend more fully the character of the site of these 
excavated rooms, let us consider a high cliff or bluff (pls. 83, 84) with 
a river flowing along its base, bordering which is a low talus of 
fallen stones, the débris from the wall above. From the top of 
this talus to the level of the floors of the cavate rooms is about 15 
feet. The pathway follows alow bench in the cliff a few feet below the 
floor level, at too great a distance, however, for one to climb to the 
rooms, except at two points. Viewed from a level place across the 
creek the lines of cavate rooms appear as rows of irregularly shaped 
holes in the side of the cliff (pl. 81, 6). The jagged openings indicate 
former entrances of caves artificially excavated in the rock, the marks 
of the workers’ tools being visible on the walls. 
The average depth to which these caves are excavated is 20 feet, 
and the whole length of the western and middle parts is about 207 
feet, the former being 183 feet and the latter 24 feet. Attention is 
drawn to the fact that each of the 10 rooms composing the western 
series of cavate rooms is rudely circular or oval in form, none of 
the corners forming right angles. The floors of most of the rooms 
are approximately on the same level; their roofs are formed by 
the roof of the cavity, while the partitions consist of walls of the 
