220 ANTIQUITIES OF THE VERDE AND WALNUT CREEK  [prn. ann. 28 
of the seventeenth century. There are no extensive piles of débris in 
connection with most of the ruins, and the buildings are not very 
different from those which were inhabited in other parts of the South- 
west, as in the San Pedro Valley, when Father Kino passed through 
it in 1610.1. Nothing found in these ruins indicates a development 
of arts superior to those of the tribes that inhabited western Arizona 
when they first were visited by white men. 
The supposition that the forts herein described were built by nomads 
does not rest on satisfactory evidence. Moreover, the manufacture of 
pottery is not an industry of wandering tribes, and the designs on 
fragments found in this region, although different in minor details, 
belong, as a whole, to a sedentary people allied to ancient Pueblos 
and cliff-dwellers. There seems no reason to question legends of the 
Walapai that their ancestors built and inhabited the now-ruined 
buildings scattered over the region herein treated, and were driven 
out by tribes with which they afterward amalgamated. It appears 
that the ancient inhabitants did not burn their dead, for unburned 
human bones have been found at several poimts in Walnut Valley. 
So far as it may be accepted as evidence, absence of cremation seems 
to connect them with certain modern Pueblos rather than with cliff- 
dwellers and with those of Yuman stock and the ancient people of 
the Gila, who both inhumated and burned their dead. 
It is hardly possible that the former inhabitants of these valleys 
were completely destroyed by invaders, although it is probable that 
they were conquered, a condition which may have led to an admix- 
ture of Athapascan blood with a corresponding change in physical 
features. Their language, customs, and beliefs were similar to those 
of the Yuma or kindred Colorado River tribes; their buildings, pottery 
fragments, and other artifacts point to a sedentary rather than to a 
nomadic people and connect them with both the Pueblos and the in- 
habitants of the Colorado Valley. While the relationship with the 
Pueblos is apparent, it is more distant than their kinship with the 
ancient inhabitants of the valleys of the Gila and the Salt. A duality 
of building types occurs throughout the Pueblo region of New Mexico, 
where are found domiciliary structures like those along Walnut Creek. 
At times, and not without good reason, these have been interpreted 
as pre-Pueblo buildings, and some have gone so far as to designate 
them as belonging to a pre-Pueblo culture. Their likeness to the 
buildings of the western region is apparent, and they well may be 
regarded as representing a lower culture stratum. ‘Trincheras are 
rare in the Pueblo region, and true pueblos (compact terraced commu- 
nity houses) have not yet been found west of the upper Verde, facts 
sufficient to divide the two regions into distinct culture areas. 
1 The pueblos on the Little Colorado west of Zufii were inhabited in the middle of the seventeenth cen- 
tury. In1604 Ofiate found Mohoce (the Hopi pueblos) 12 to 14 leagues west of Zuni, and in 1632 the 
missionary Letrado wa; murdered on his way to the Cipias (Tsipiakwe), who apparently lived at the 
mouth of Chevlon Fork, west of Cibola (Zuii). 
