284 CLASSIFICATION OF ALGONQUIAN TRIBES [ETH ANN. 28 
HE—Uvs (incl.) of the conjunctive mode. The participial -ultitcig in 
Micmac (and the corresponding forms of the other dialects) corre- 
sponds to Fox -netitcigi, in which n is the instrumental particle, e the 
phonetic insert, #7 the sign of reciprocity, tcigi the third person animate 
intransitive of the participial. 
It should be noted that the elimination of vowels sometimes causes 
nasals and liquids to become syllabic, a phenomenon which Sanskrit- 
ists call samprasarana, e. g. Passamaquoddy ykwaxrsan RED STONE 
(PIPE) (cf. Fox meckw-+ sen’). 
Especially should it be observed that the clusters, consisting of a 
sibilant + k or p, are kept exactly as in Cree (see the discussion of Cree, 
p- 238). Thus Cree amisk BEAVER, Stockbridge (Edwards) amisque, 
Ojibwa ami‘k, Delaware amochk, Fox ame‘kw%, Shawnee haméikwa, 
Peoria amdékwa, Abnaki pepSnemeskS8 WINTER BEAVER, Micmac piil- 
dimskw BEAVER OF THIRD YEAR (Rand); Cree miskawew HE FINDS HIM, 
HER, Fox me'kawdéw* HE FINDS HIM, HER, Natick miskom HE FINDs IT, 
Malecite muskuwwan HE FOUND HER; Cree ishpimik ABoveE, Ojibwa 
ishpiming, Fox a‘ pemegi, Peoria péimingi, Shawnee spemegi, Menominee 
icpdémiya ABOVE, Penobscot spumki HEAVEN, Abnaki spemk HEAVEN, 
Passamaquoddy spemek uicH; Cree kuspamuw ROAD WHICH GOES 
BESIDE TIMBER WHERE THERE IS WATER, Micmac kospemk aT THE LAKE, 
Passamaquoddy kiispemuk ON A LAKE; Cree iskwew WOMAN, Fox 
Ukwiwt, Natick squaw, Delaware ochqueu, Micmac késigo-éskw* oLD 
WOMAN. Since sp and sk are original, it is probable that st is like- 
wise. The cluster is not common, and the writer has not found in 
Central Algonquian analogues as yet to such words as contain it. 
Yet it is perhaps possible to establish the claim indirectly. Micmac 
késéwist6didj means after THEY HAD FINISHED SPEAKING; it 1s to be 
presumed that the std corresponds to Fox ‘to (see section 21.7 of the 
Algonquian sketch in the Handbook of American Indian Languages, 
part 1). The ‘t points phonetically to an original *st. These clusters 
strongly point to a more northern origin than Fox had. 
It is true that the origin of many clusters can not be explained 
at present, but it is not unreasonable to believe that the application 
of the foregoing principles will explain many more when our knowl- 
edge of the languages shall have increased, and perhaps phonetic 
laws yet to be discovered will account for the remainder. For the 
consonantic clusters in Piegan, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Hastern 
Algonquian are so fundamentally different that it is improbable that 
any of their types are original. It may be assumed, then, provision- 
ally that the Central type, from which true consonantic clusters are 
lacking, with certain limitations, shows the most primitive condition 
of Algonquian languages. 
