MICHELSON] ALGONQUIAN LINGUISTIC GROUPS 289 
certain personal terminations of the independent mode have close 
analogues (which are shared by Sauk, Fox, Kickapoo, and partially 
by Shawnee). 
The material at the writer’s disposal does not permit a strong 
characterization of the individual traits of the various dialects com- 
posing the Eastern subtype of the major Eastern-Central division of 
Algonquian languages. According to J. Dyneley Prince and W. Mech- 
ling (personal communications), Penobscot, Abnaki, Passamaquoddy, 
and Malecite are more closely related to one another than any one is to 
Micmac. According to information. received, Micmac can under- 
stand Malecite without much difficulty. A characteristic of Micmac 
is the apparent lack of forms corresponding to the independent mode 
of the other dialects; but the latter have forms corresponding to the 
Micmac conjunctive. The preterite ‘“‘indicative”’ of Micmac is based 
on the conjunctive, whereas in the other dialects it is based on the 
forms of the independent mode; but the principle of formation is 
alike. According to Prince, the differentiation of Penobscot and 
Abnaki is comparatively recent. The writer, however, does not 
consider Abnaki nasalized vowels archaic; on the contrary, he 
believes the Penobscot pure vowels more original. Passamaquoddy 
and Malecite are very similar to each other and may prove to be 
practically identical. In closing the discussion of the Eastern sub- 
type, the writer thinks it well to add that in his judgment the r which 
appears in the works of the older writers was an intermediate between 
r and 1; hence they recorded it with the sound with which they 
associated it. 
SUMMARY 
Algonquian tribes linguistically fall into four major divisions: 
Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Eastern-Central. The Black- 
foot major group shows some unmistakable signs of contact with 
Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo of the Central subtype and with Eastern 
Algonquian. Cheyenne exhibits affinities with the Ojibwa subdivi- 
sion of Central Algonquian, though it has also some rather northern 
affinities. It is premature to venture an opinion with which language 
or languages Arapaho is to be most intimately associated. The 
Eastern-Central major division is divisible into two subtypes, Central 
and Eastern. The Central subtype has further groupings within itself: 
Cree-Montagnais, Menominee, Sauk, Fox, Kickapoo, and Shawnee; 
Ojibwa, Ottawa, Potawatomi, Algonkin, and Peoria; Delaware (see 
the discussion of this language, p. 279), and Natick. Eastern Algon- 
quian may perhaps be divided into two groups, Micmac, on the one 
hand, and the remaining extant dialects (which, collectively, may be 
designated Abnaki), én the other. The very intimate connection of 
Eastern Algonquian with Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo, as well with 
20903°—28 mrrH—12~ —19 
