12 
TABLE IV.—TOXIC ELEMENTS OF CRITICAL IMPORTANCE IN MARINE POLLUTION BASED ON POTENTIAL SUPPLY 
AND TOXICITY, LISTED IN ORDER OF DECREASING TOXICITY 
Rate of Mobilization (10 9 g/yr) 
: Fossil River flow Tox 
Element fuels (man) (natural) Total mg/l 
NMevatinyee cesnes = Sie Se iey eb Pera Ab US 1.6 2.5 4.1 1x10-3 
Capintu mes cbr ee ark vega bls bp 2 Td S200) seats ee es 3.0 2X10-3 
SIWEle tee teen Nee Geren een aoe ae a 07 11 lil 110-3 
iG] BY 2 TAT Re eS Te ee 1 be Be dia SRS Ray 160 164 2X102 
Selentunste tito 2 so. Se ee ae ee ee 45 LZ Tuk 510-2 
LE eee SSS Od CRA AIT TASES ee IF 3.6 110 113.6 1X10-, 
Copperett «jy: $2 epee SPs reset Ss 2k 250 252. 1 1X10- 
CTROMUUN a: ooo o> Se ee er tn ee es 1 ES 200 201.5 1Xx10- 
Arsene seis os seo s22 ee eee eg. Fie i fel Ee! 7 72 72.7 1X<10- 
LT, I ee RE ae, PS ee FP a a ees 7 720 727 2x10— 
Maripanese: 28 +2 see Sisk ee Se eee: pean. ses 7.0 250 257 210- 
Source: Ketchum, B. H. A realistic look at ocean pollution. Marine Tech. Soc. Jour. v. 7, 1973: p. 11. 
TABLE V.—SOME HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN THE OCEANS 
Total in 
ocean (108 
Substance pg/liter metric tons» 
3 4 x 10° 
0.11 1.5 X 102 
0.05 7 
10 14° x 103 
0.03 4 
0.03 4 
2 3 Ws 
2 SX eOE 
10 110 
Source: Hood, D. W. Pollution of the world’s oceans. Topics in Ocean Engineering, v. 4 (edited by C. L. Bretschneider). 
Houston, Tex. Gulf Publishing Co., 1974 
TABLE V!.—HEAVY METAL PRODUCTION AND POTENTIAL OCEAN INPUTS 
Transport 
Mining by rivers Atmospheric 
production to oceans washout 
(105 metric (105 metric (105 metric 
Substances tons/yr) tons/yr) tons/yr) 
Lead (Pb)____ 3 0.1 0.3 
Copper (Cu)__ 6 .25 2 
Vanadium (V)_ 02 .03 02 
Nickel (Ni)__- 5 01 03 
Chromium (Cr)__ 2 04 02 
BUC GS) kate a ee i ap ae . 002 . 03: 
Cadmaini(Gd)aestecretes eis Sch apge eR a Pren a a eet ore see -01 - 0005 -O1 
INESENIGICAS eck ss eos Set 2 le OR Dae Scot oe ee en ee - 06 Of =. 522) eee 
NELCINY Kno) Ae. SERENE RSE ES 2 eA eee as SSE . 009 - 003 - 08 
PANIC ZTE Seo eae ei eel Be ce DE, Ae Eo ES 5 lh. aloo 
SSIENIUNIRC OE) se ee nee ee oe ee ee ee eee es ee . 002 S007". eee 
SilWeriCAg) fa weeteed we F hse he Os ot ae bel Dey es pee boa. ene dy -01 - Ole: } =e eee 
igi ha eRumi(iio) es Aa sense See See Se Se ee eee ae ee 003. 2 ae ee 
ArRinionyNSDREES ea ed eS SS ee ee eae -07 0] 22ers > 
Source: Ketchum, B. H. (ed.) ‘‘The Water’s Edge.’’ Cambridge. MIT Press, 1972: p. 153, 
Atmospheric transport is a major source of input of trace metals to 
the open ocean. In Table VII an attempt is made to quantify and 
place in perspective the impact of atmospheric pollutants on the 
marine environment. This mechanism is of particular importance in 
the distribution of lead by aerosols created by automobile exhaust 
and lead processmg industries. It is estimated that atmospheric 
transport contributes three times more lead to the oceans than 
