13 
runoft.° Lead concentrations measured in annual snow layers in 
Greenland show a gradual increase beginning in 1750 with the Indus- 
trial Revolution and climbing sharply after 1940 to 500 times natural 
levels.” Lead concentrations, hundreds and thousands of times above 
natural levels, are found in precipitation and air near urban areas.'® 
Vanadium, manganese, cobalt, and nickel are found in crude oils,!® 
and these may enter the oceans from ships, pipelines, offshore wells, 
coastal refineries, etc. High concentrations of toxic metals (mercury, 
lead, cadmium, zinc, and arsenic) have been reported in waters 
adjacent to offshore oil rigs in the Gulf of Mexico and decreased with 
distance from the rigs. Sewage treatment probably removes a large 
fraction of the heavy metals in the sludge, but polluted runoff from 
paved areas, buldings, and plant foliage that does not undergo treat- 
ment may bring heavy metals into the oceans. Mine residues have also 
polluted streams and rivers. 
TABLE VI!.—POSSIBLE IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 
_ Estimated percent 
increase of trace elements 
Concentration 1 in upper 200 m of ocean3 
Open ocean U.S. urban Enhancement Ratio i Most 
Element (ug/liter) air (ug/m%) ratio in air? air/ocean High probable 
BD et ie seca 0.02 1, 000 2, 300-.- $0000... cerccsssesssreesedoseecc ses 
(Noes Vee ear 1 1, 500 3) 1, 500 200 30 
(fa | ys eek Be re 02 20 1, 900 1, 000 400 20 
FSC Renna ee Ure ice Det 001 1 1 1, 000 80 20 
SS Nmeeeeeme inst RE 02 20 280 WOOO Ree SEs Set Sek 20 
Uh ee atte ne ye 3 200 6 700 60 15 
Remre ca aha) Laie 5 2, 000 1.00 400 80 8 
(LE) eet eee Re i 01 3 3 SOQ A ie saat Ou ae ee 6 
Wake RA Se Sree ues 1 200 42 200 40 4 
PT eee er ner ane ee 3 700 270 200 25 4 
(CN es ae eae 2 200 83 100 100 2 
PTE eI i ua as 01 2 830 200) hp ee aeeas a ee 4 
(CPL Bele ANE LN ea 40 11 130 20 3 
Sean iE 005 1 10 PAU RMU eee a eu 4 
S Dee Re Sree Nan 20 2, 800 100 10 2 
ie eee a eee ee 001 oil 29 OO Miestrerneie a ee Nae 2 
LOSE SS Se ee es 1 100 BO) 100 4 2 
Coens er ES a . 03 2 2 70 4 1 
SREY sod eae ae aD 4 2, 500 40 5 8 
[rt al a ee Aa 3 1, 100 30 8 6 
WUC Bis Sei we Ba al! 5 93 LoD) fro Melee Seen 1 
(Cs a TO aa 02 1 2 HOM Oe Boe 1 
AUTRE 2 oe ae 2 30 12 15 4 3 
Gomme 2 Uke le Eo 5a} 4 37 LOM ages ae oe eS 3 
UE a OR ot Se 02 a2 3 LC) alesis pea 3 
RLS Ra ST oe OT O 2 20 310 10 8 ae? 
Na eenee eee i Onin = 10 10 190 Lip by he aaa ee nA le 1 AW 
LY es EO a RASA Rl 3 ai 1 ae ees ECG Mee bE Negligible 
1 Urban-air values are approximations. : 
2 The ratio of the concentration in urban particulates of a specific element to iron, divided by the ratio of the same 
elements in average crustal material. k 
3 The percentage increase represents the magnitude by which these trace elements could have been increased in the 
“upper 200 m of the ocean based on the anthropogenic lead concentration in this layer. The high estimates are those which 
smight be expected in oceanic regions adjacent to certain large urban areas. 
Source: IDOE, op. cit. p. 2. 
16 National Academy of Sciences. Marine environmental quality. Washington, D.C., Ocean Sci. Comm., 
‘National Academy of Sciences/National Resource Council, 1971: 107 p. 
1 Murozumi, M., T. J. Chow, and C. Patterson. Chemical Concentrations of Pollutant Lead Aerosols, 
Terrestrial Dusts, and Sea Salts in Greenland and Antarctic Snow Strata. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 
v. 33, 1969: 1247-1294. 
1% U.S. Public Health Service. Survey of Lead in the Atmosphere of Three Urban Communities. U.S. 
Public Health Ser. Publ. 999-A P-12, 1965: 94 p. 
19 Guinn, V. P. and S. C. Bellanca. Neutron activation analysis identification of the source of oil 
pollution of the waterways. In Preprint of contributed condensations, the 1968 international conference modern 
érends in activation analysis. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 1968: 614-619. 
