16 
TABLE X.—BUDGET OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS INTRODUCED INTO THE OCEANS 
Input (millions of tons/year) 
_ Best Probable 
Source estimate range 
SOlishore: Hrod UCtION: tee. 2 35d ge PR pe ie el ee ae, 0.08 0.08-0.15 
‘Transportation: 
ETA KEMS 2% 5 os ie oe Be ter oe ee a ee eee BE oaL 15-4 
NOn-PO tankers. . 22s SR SS ape, ee eee Seen FS atl . 65-1. 0 
Dry iadking st tea Pees aes oS ee Ee. ey ee ie eet gM #20 25/33 
FReTOIinal opepations: sos. 2 8 2 eee ot ei! ev ae Betis Peo eee . 003 - 0015- .005 
Biles Hunkerines.. tk eh Cae eee Tot 2 ees ae eee dt vg -4-.7 
‘Pankeraccifeptss..5. 04-2 -5.-- 8) 2 Se Ba LO EGS ie BO eh oie Ee a 4 ~12- .25 
Nontanker aecidentS == sce oe eee ene ee eae. | | 02- .15 
otal’. 2 Ea Sua te ee ee ee 2 = ee 2.133 eee 
Coastalirefinenes=.0 ee. EFT a ee ee Se eee 2 32-43 
Coastal. municipal: wastes. 2+ 92-3. 22a Ae. a ua >, ba Ee es a oi ores ee cee 
Coastal inonretining: indiusthial\WasteSsse oe eee eee Pi: Initio (oe 
Wirban.ramohlic, sya eaeebe reser 2 Paes oi edi ap ax ete eh Berar i y 43 145.5 
RIVET PUNO. pee e weeeg - Me ee ee SY ie ee ge 2 1:6, Geese eee 
‘Atmosphere through vaporization of petroleum products_____________________________ 6 4-9.0 
ilptalithvoueh man siaCuvitieS. 22 eeeeae Sore eee ee ee gu et 5.513) Sioa eee ee 
Natu galiSpepis pe ais" ieee Wa eppie ete 5 etre | ees tert: Cra re le yee se eee Te AL ay .6 -11.0 
otalannual percledmAanput. 222 272) esis ey ae oe ee GM13 2284 2 es 
Woridsoulprodichon Glo/aa a) Ps! Ba So AP Slap ee a ee aed ee 2890 
Oil transport by tanker (1973) 1695 
Torrey Canyonidischarge:: tosses ee Lae Al? 
‘Salta BalbaralDIOWONt= = ese te 2 e -003- .011 
Hydrocarbons produced by marine organisms 10 
Note: Adopted from National Academy of Sciences, Petroleum in the Marine Environment, Washington, D.C., 1975, p. 6, 
-and other sources. 
TABLE X1.—SUMMARY OF TOXICITY DATA 
Estimated typical toxicity ranges (ppm) for various substances 
No. 2 fuel oil/ Fresh 
Class or organisms SAD* kerosene crude Weathered crude 
tt) a ae eee ee eee 10-100 50-500 10 4-10 5 Peat more significant than 
oxicity. 
1 TTT) Le ot oe aR coe ae NS ee 5-50 25-250 10 4-10 5 Do. 
alvde wens soa heals «Be ia oe ae . 1-1. .5-5 10 2-10 3 Do. 
Pelagic crustaceans________________ 1-10 5-50 10 3-10 4 Do. 
Castronndgee ass. a= ae on See ares 10-100 50-500 10 4-10 5 Do. 
Bivalless Os Sets Ml ada se 95 5-50 25-250 10 4-10 5 Do. 
Benthic crustaceans_______________ 1-10 5-50 10 3-10 4 Do. 
Other benthic invertebrates________ 1-10 5-50 10 3-10 4 Do. 
*Soluble aromatic derivatives (aromatics and naphthenoaromatics). 
Source: Moore, S. F., R. L. Dwyer, and A. M. Katz. A preliminary assessment of the environmental vulnerability of 
Machias Bay, Maine to oil supertankers. Sea Grant Project Office Report No. MITSG 73-6, Jan. 15, 1973: p. 92. 
behavior of marine organisms.’ Furthermore, relatively low concen- 
trations of petroleum hydrocarbons are sufficient to produce toxic 
effects on marine organisms (Table XI). However, organisms that 
survive seem to be able to purge themselves of much of the oil. 
Massive spills, such as the Torrey Canyon, can cause a serious impact 
on the marine community in the vicinity. Such spills can kill con- 
siderable quantities of marine life at all levels and pollute nearby 
beaches and shore property. Even a much smaller spill in an enclosed 
bay or nearshore area can have a long-term effect on the marine 
environment (Table XII). For example, a well documented study in 
Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, revealed the persistence in the sedi- 
ments for more than 2 years of toxic fuel oil components that are still 
*1 Moore, 8. F., G. R. Chirlin, C. J. Puccia, and B. P. Schrader. Potential biological effects of hypo- 
‘thetical oil discharge in the Atlantic coast and Gulf of Alaska. Rept. to the Coun. on Envir. Qual., No. 
MITSG 74-19, April 1, 1974: 121 p. 
