32 
by his developing or exploiting a natural resource, or other activities 
on land or water of the arctic, or on the ‘owner of any ship that 
navigates within the arctic waters” or on ‘“‘the owners of the cargo” 
of the ship.** Pollution prevention officers are given broad powers 
of inspection and passage. They can keep ships out of a control zone. 
unless. they meet ‘prescribed environmental standards or 
requirements.” { 
Oslo Convention of 1971 
In response to local initiatives, eleven ste treet eptal lee a 
regional Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by 
Dumping from Ships and. Aircraft at Oslo in October 1971 and signed . 
on February 15, 1972. The Oslo Convention pledges the contracting 
states “to take all possible steps to prevent. the pollution of the sea 
by substances that are liable to create hazards to human health, 
to harm living resources and marine life, to damage amenities or 
to interfere with other legitimate uses of the sea.’’** The Oslo Conven- 
tion established two lists of substances, a “black list”? and a “gray 
list.” Dumping of the former is prohibited and dumping of the latter 
is only approved under a system of permits and regulations. These 
substances*are listed below. ° 
Excerpts From Osto CONVENTION 
ANNEX I—“BLACK LIST”’ 
The following substances are listed for the purposes of Article 5 of the 
Convention: 
1. Organohalogen compounds and compounds which may form such substances 
n the marine environment, excluding those which are non-toxic, or which are 
rapidly converted in the sea into substances which are biologically harmless; 
2. Organosilicon compounds and compounds which may form such substances 
in the marine environment, excluding those which are non-toxic, or which’ are 
rapidly converted in the-sea into substances which are biologically harmless; 
3. Substances which have been agreed between the Contracting Parties as 
likely to be carcinogenic under the conditions of disposal; 
4. Mercury and mercury compounds; 
5. Cadmium and cadmium compounds; 
6. Persistent plastics and other persistent synthetic materials which may float 
or remain in suspension in the sea, and which may seriously interfere with fishing 
or navigation, reduce amenities, or interfere with other legitimate uses of the sea. 
ANNEX II—“GREY LIST”’ 
1. The following substances and materials requiring special care are listed for 
the purposes of Article 6: 
(a) Arsenic, lead, copper, zinc and their compounds, cyanides and fluorides, 
and pesticides and their by-products not covered by the provisions of Annex I; 
(b) Containers, scrap metal, tar-like substances liable to sink to the sea bottom 
and other bulky wastes which may present a serious obstacle to fishing or 
navigation; 
(c) Substances which, though of a non-toxic nature, may Becoie harmful 
due to the quantities in which they are dumped, or which are liable to seriously 
reduce amenities. 
34 Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act, 18-19 Eliz. II (Can. 1970), art. 6 (1). 
35 Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas commented on the Canadian Act, as follows: 
“The Canadian Act is not necessarily the model for an ocean regime, though it night well fit the needs 
of a hemispheric regime. But in its preventive and penalty provisions it suggests the kind of international 
controls that are needed. It also indicates why existing efforts to define ‘‘jurisdiction of the territorial seas 
and contiguous zones are wide of the mark.”’ 
Source: Douglas, William O. Environmental Problems of the Oceans: The Need for International Controls. 
Environmental Law, spring 1971: p. 165. 
36 Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft, signed at 
Oslo on February 15, 1972. art. 1. 
