38 
dumping of radioactive waste” and to ‘‘cooperate ‘with the competent 
international organizations in taking measures for the prevention of 
pollution of the seas or air space above, resulting from any activities 
with radioactive materials or other harmful agents.” *° 
There are several inadequacies in this convention, in part because 
it was drafted at a time when the magnitude and intensity of ocean 
pollution was not fully understood. The terms “other harmful agents” 
and “appropriate measures” have proven too broad to be effective. 
in addition, only those states which are parties to this Convention 
were obligated to ‘‘cooperate.”’ 
Conveniion on the territorial sea and the contiguous zone-——The 
Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone permits 
the coastal State to ‘‘exercise the control necessary to: (a) prevent 
infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary regula- 
tions within its territory or territorial sea, (b) punish infringement 
of the above regulations committed within its territory or territorial 
sea’’ In a zone contiguous to its territorial sea not to exceed 12 miles 
from the baseline. If sanitary regulations can be interpreted as pollu- 
tion control measures, a state may then exercise its authority 12 miJes 
seaward. Even allowing pollution control jurisdiction to 100 or 200 
miles as some states claim, this still affects only a small part of the 
oceans. Clearly this Convention does not adequately deal with marine 
pollution. 
Convention on the Continental Shelf—With regard to the seafloor 
of the continental shelf, the Convention on the Continental Shelf 
provides that the coastal state is obligated to take ‘‘all appropriate 
measures for the protection of the living resources of the sea from 
harmful agents.’”’* This convention also does not define “appropriate 
measures” and “harmful agents.’’ Even the extent of the area of 
jurisdiction on the continental shelf is left somewhat ambiguous. 
Convention on fishing and the conservation of living resources.— 
The fourth Convention affirms that a coastal state has a “special 
interest in the maintenance of the productivity of the living resources 
in any area of the high seas adjacent to its territorial sea.” * The con- 
vention allows a state to take unilateral conservatory action if inter- ’ 
national agreements cannot be reached. 
Conventions and Treaties Affecting Radioactive Pollution of the Seas 
Five additional international agreements have been concluded 
which relate to marine pollution by radioactive materials. Some of 
these agreements are hindered by not being ratified by all nations 
possessing nuclear weapons or nuclear ships. 
1. International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, June 17, 
1960. 
2. Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear 
Energy, 1960. 
3. Convention on the Liability of Operators of Nuclear Ships, 
May 1962. 
4. Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in 
Outer Space and Under Water, August 1963. 
41 Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, April 1, 1958, 2 U.S.T. 1606, 1612, 
T.E.A.S. No. 5639. (1964). 
42 Convention on the Continental Shelf, April 29, 1958, T.I.A.S. 5578, 15 U.S.T. 471. 
42 Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas, April 29, 1958, 
10U.S.T. 139, 141, T.I.A.S. No. 5969. (1966). art. 6. 
