40 
ance program requiring participating tanker owners to either clean 
up oil spills or reimburse the countries whose shorelines are damaged 
or threatened. The maximum hability under TOVALOP is $10 million 
per vessel per incident. The other insurance program, Contract Re- 
garding an Interim Supplement to Tanker Liability for Oil Pollution 
(CRISTAL), was developed by cargo owners to provide additional 
coverage to private citizens as well as governments. This contract, 
extending coverage to a limit of $30 million per incident, was signed 
by the major oil companies January 14, 1971. 
International Fund Convention of 1971 
At the International Legal Conference on Marine Pollution Damage 
in Brussels in 1969, IMCO was charged to draft a compensation scheme 
based on an international fund. This was presented to the states 
signatory to the Liability Convention and adopted in Brussels in 
December 1971. The International Convention on the Establishment 
of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 
is intended to provide compensation to any party who has been unable 
to obtain full and adequate compensation under the Liability Conven- 
tion. The International Fund is to consist of mandatory contributions 
by oil importers in the contracting states based on the amount of oil 
received by each importer. The aggregate amount of compensation 
to be paid under the Liability Convention and the Fund 1s limited 
to 450 million Poincare francs, equivalent to $30 million at that time. 
Conference on the Human Environment of 1972 
In June 1972 in Stockholm, the United Nations held a Conference. 
on the Human Environment. ‘he Conference had been preceded by 
a number of preparatory meetings of the International Working Group 
on Marine Pollution which produced detailed outlines of marine 
pollution problems and the information that was needed to be gath-. 
ered. Draft proposals were submitted as to how to deal with these 
problems. The Stockholm Conference, however, concerned itself pri- 
marily with drafting, debating, and adopting a “Declaration on the 
Human Environment.” Sections 86 through 94 of this Declaration are 
concerned specifically with marine pollution (Appendix IV). Among 
the recommendations are that Governments with the assistance of the 
appropriate U.N. bodies such as the Joint Group of Experts on the. 
Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP) accept and imple- 
ment controls on marine pollution; that Governments support marine 
reseaich, particularly the Global Investigation of Pollution on Marine 
Environment (GIPME) and the integrated Global Ocean Station 
System (IGOSS); that GESAMP evaluate the toxicity of potential 
marine pollutants and their sources and pathways in the marine 
environment; and that Governments support the 1973 Law of the 
Sea and the IMCO Marine Pollution Conferences. Perhaps the major 
achievement of the Stockholm Conference was the creation of a 
“World Environmental Body” to coordinate world studies in the 
field and an ‘‘Environmental Fund” made up of voluntary contribu- 
tions from governments to help finance international environmental 
activities. 
The U.N. Environmental Program (UNEP) is now over two years. 
old. ‘The budget of $5.5 million adopted for the 1973-1974 biennium 
provided only $0.6 million (11%) for environmental problems of the. 
ocean (71% of the earth’s surface). 
